Effects of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) and Its Isolated Ginsenosides and Polysaccharides on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Individuals

Jovanovski, Elena; Jenkins, Alexandra L.; Dias, Adriano Basso; Peeva, Valentina; Sievenpiper, John L.; Arnason, John T.; Rahelić, Dario; Josse, Robert G.; Vuksan, Vladimir

doi:10.1038/ajh.2010.5

Cited by 53 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A limited number of investigations of vasoactivity in humans have mainly pursued the antihypertensive potential of ginseng, yielding largely equivocal results, where blood pressure (BP) was reduced, remained unchanged, or was increased [8][9][10][11]. Despite contentious BP effects, more discriminate hemodynamic analyses of the arterial pressure waveform, comprising the first phase of our present study, demonstrated marked decreases in pressure wave reflection following acute KRG intake [12], suggestive of lower peripheral resistance and improved distensibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Our protocol featured a 3 g dose of ginseng root and bioequivalent doses of the two extracts. Three gram dose was chosen because it was previously found to be efficacious [12] and it is situated within the 0.5-9 g dose range currently recommended in established monographs including German Commission E and Canadian NHPD monograph [36,37]. Administration of doses that are bioequivalent to the root and of the same batch allowed for an unconfounded comparison between the root and its isolated fractions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of Endothelial Function by Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its Components in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Jovanovski

Peeva

Sievenpiper

et al. 2014

Cardiovascular Therapeutics

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SUMMARYAims: Ginseng root and its derivatives remain atop the most widely used medicinal herbs in cardiovascular disease, despite inadequate substantiation of efficacy. We previously reported the potential of Korean red ginseng (KRG) to affect vascular tone by decreasing arterial wave reflection via an unknown mechanism. Given the preclinical link between ginseng intake and vasoactivity related to nitric oxide (NO) production, we sought to directly evaluate the effects of KRG root and its major root components, on an established noninvasive measure of endothelial function. Methods: In an acute, randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind, crossover design, 16 healthy participants (9M:7F, age:30 AE 9y, BMI: 24 kg AE3 kg/m 2 , systolicBP/diastolicBP: 109 AE 11/66 AE 8 mmHg) on four occasions were administered: KRG root (3 g), KRG ginsenosides extract, KRG polysaccharides extract, and cornstarch control. Extracted fractions were delivered at doses bioequivalent to those found in 3 g of KRG. Flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) assessment, preceding a brachial blood pressure measurement, was performed at baseline and at 90 and 180 min posttreatment to assess endothelial function. Results: KRG significantly improved FMD posttreatment. Maximal vasodilatation of D2.57 AE 2.8% occurred at 180 min compared with control (DÀ0.83 AE 2.7%, P = 0.003 for all comparisons). The ginsenoside extract produced a comparable response (D1.75 AE 2.6%), but not the polysaccharide fraction (D0.10 AE 2.7%). Brachial blood pressure remained unchanged for all treatments (P = 0.45). Conclusions: KRG acutely improved endothelial function in healthy individuals, which appears to be attributable to its ginsenoside containing fraction. Our data confirm preclinical data and support the potential for these compounds as targets for therapeutic strategies in disorders involving endothelial dysfunction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Endothelial Function by Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its Components in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Jovanovski

Peeva

Sievenpiper

et al. 2014

Cardiovascular Therapeutics

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“…In a separate study [15], one-time treatment with KRG (50 mg/kg) decreased the mean BP and heart rate in 12 healthy, non-smoking male volunteers [15]. In contrast, other studies have shown no effect of ginseng on BP [16][17][18], as neither long-term (12 weeks) [16] nor one-time treatment [17] with North American ginseng significantly changed the BP in patients with hypertension. These discrepant reports may be attributable to the heterogeneity of ginsenoside preparations or differences among the study subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Therefore, our data suggest that KRG may reduce the risk for major cardiovascular events by reducing vascular stiffness in the central aorta and peripheral muscular arteries in patients with stable CAD. In a separate study, onetime treatment with KRG or a ginsenoside extract, but not a polysaccharide extract, decreased the augmentation index, but not BP, in healthy subjects [18]. The augmentation index is a commonly used measure of arterial stiffness and an independent marker of increased total and cardiovascular mortality [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Korean Red Ginseng Improves Vascular Stiffness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Chung¹,

Lim

Pyun³

et al. 2010

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…29) Previously, we found that oral administration of total extract of RG prior to vaccination enhanced anti-influenza virus antibody responses, and that the mice receiving total extract of RG gave better antibody responses than those receiving RG saponin. 30) In the same situation we have found that oral administration of RG polysaccharide has little or no effect on antibody responses (data not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Whole Red Ginseng Extract and Polysaccharide and Saponin Fractions on Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection

Yin

Kim

2013

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Total extracts of ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and saponin and polysaccharide fractions have been the main products used to investigate novel effects of ginseng over the last five decades. However, the differences if any between the pharmacological effects of total extract and saponin and polysaccharide fractions are largely unknown. In this study, we compared their effects on influenza A virus infection. Mice received total extract of Korean red ginseng (RG), and polysaccharide and saponin fractions of Korean RG, orally for 14 d prior to influenza A virus infection. Seventy eight percent of mice infected with 2× the 50% lethal dose (LD 50 ) of virus survived when administered the polysaccharide fraction, compared to 67%, 56% and 17% when administered total extract, saponin fraction and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), respectively. Moreover, body weight loss in mice given the polysaccharide fraction was significantly reduced while there was mild reduction in body weight loss in that receiving saponin fraction or total extract when mice were infected with 0.2× or 0.5×LD 50 of virus. We also confirmed that the polysaccharide fraction was most effective in reducing the accumulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing dendritic cells (tipDCs) in the mouse lungs. Our results indicate that the polysaccharides of RG have a pronounced beneficial effect on the symptoms of influenza virus infection.Key words red ginseng; polysaccharide; saponin; influenza virus; tumor necrosis factor alpha/inducible nitric oxide synthase-producing dendritic cell Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a novel pharmacological agent which has been used as a traditional medicine in Asia. Red ginseng (RG) is Panax ginseng that has been boiled in water, and crushed and dried, and is one of the most widely used forms of ginseng.

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Effects of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) and Its Isolated Ginsenosides and Polysaccharides on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Individuals

Cited by 53 publications

References 18 publications

Modulation of Endothelial Function by Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its Components in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Modulation of Endothelial Function by Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its Components in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Korean Red Ginseng Improves Vascular Stiffness in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Whole Red Ginseng Extract and Polysaccharide and Saponin Fractions on Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection

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