Effects of L-carnitine fed during lactation on sow and litter performance.

Musser, R.E.; Goodband, Robert D.; Tokach, Mike D; Owen, K.Q.; Nelssen, Jim L.; Blum, S.A.; Campbell, R. G.; Smits, R.J.; Dritz, S. S.; Civis, C.A.

doi:10.2527/1999.77123296x

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Notably, milk of sows is rich in carnitine. Carnitine concentrations in sows’ milk were reported to be in the range between 120 and 185 μmol/L, depending on the stage of lactation [22,23]. Thus, production of 8–10 liter of milk per day is associated with a loss of 1 to 2 mmoles of carnitine, an amount which is in great excess of the whole plasma carnitine pool.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been assumed that these effects of carnitine were mediated by influencing the secretion of IGF-1 and insulin and by an increased intrauterine nutrition of fetuses [24,25,28]. In contrast, supplementation of carnitine during lactation had less effects on sow and litter performance [22,24]. Thus, our observation of an increased expression of enzymes of carnitine synthesis in the liver during lactation, indicative of an increased carnitine biosynthesis, could provide an explanation for the opposite effects of carnitine supplementation in pregnancy and lactation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake are up-regulated in the liver of sows during lactation

et al. 2013

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BackgroundConvincing evidence exist that carnitine synthesis and uptake of carnitine into cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), a transcription factor which is physiologically activated during fasting or energy deprivation. Sows are typically in a negative energy balance during peak lactation. We investigated the hypothesis that genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake in the liver of sows are up-regulated during peak lactation.FindingsTranscript levels of several PPARα target genes involved in fatty acid uptake (FABP4, SLC25A20), fatty acid oxidation (ACOX1, CYP4A24) and ketogenesis (HMGCS2, FGF21) were elevated in the liver of lactating compared to non-lactating sows (P < 0.05). In addition, transcript levels of genes involved in carnitine synthesis (ALDH9A1, TMLHE, BBOX1) and carnitine uptake (SLC22A5) in the liver were greater in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P < 0.05). Carnitine concentrations in liver and plasma were about 20% and 50%, respectively, lower in lactating than in non-lactating sows (P < 0.05), which is likely due to an increased loss of carnitine via the milk.ConclusionsThe results of the present study show that PPARα is activated in the liver of sows during lactation which leads to an up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake. The PPARα mediated up-regulation of genes involved in carnitine synthesis and uptake in the liver of lactating sows may be regarded as an adaptive mechanism to maintain hepatic carnitine levels at a level sufficient to transport excessive amounts of fatty acids into the mitochondrion.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake are up-regulated in the liver of sows during lactation

et al. 2013

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“…This is supported by the present data showing that L-carnitine supplementation to crop milk fed squabs has no effect on growth. Moreover, supplementation of L-carnitine in sows during lactation does not result in higher piglet yield [16].…”

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confidence: 93%

L-carnitine supplementation in breeding pigeons: impact on zootechnical performance and carnitine metabolism

et al. 2000

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-In the first experiment (Exp1), three consecutive breeding rounds were performed by two groups of six pigeon couples in order to study the impact of L-carnitine supplementation (80 mg . d -1 ) of parent pigeons on zootechnical performance. Both in the second and third experiments (Exp2, Exp3), one breeding round was performed by two groups of six pigeon couples to reveal the biochemical background of the increase in squab growth, the limitation of body weight decrease in male parent birds and the tendency for an improved cumulative feed efficiency due to L-carnitine supplementation in Exp1. Growth improvement of the squabs with L-carnitine was only seen when the parent pigeons were supplemented, together with a marked rise in the body weight of the parent birds around hatching. Based on the results of the crop milk analysis, growth improvement was probably due to a quantitative impact on crop milk production. The crop milk from the supplemented groups in both Exp2 and Exp3 had increased levels of carnitine. Carnitine, γ-butyrobetaine and acetylcarnitine were increased in plasma samples of the supplemented parent pigeons. No differences were present in the squabs' plasma for these parameters. In the squabs of Exp3, no changes were seen in the proportional growth or the protein content of the heart, breast muscle and liver, but the breast muscle of the squabs from the supplemented group in Exp3 showed a considerable rise in carnitine and a marked decrease in γ-butyrobetaine. carnitine / pigeon / growth / crop-milk / HPLCRésumé -La supplémentation de L-carnitine chez les pigeons en couvaison : l'influence sur la performance zootechnique et des paramètres biochimiques. Dans la 1 re expérience, six couples de pigeons ont produit trois couvées consécutives pour l'étude de l'effet de la supplémentation de L-carnitine (80 mg . j -1 ) sur la performance zootechnique. Dans les 2 e et 3 e expériences, deux groupes de six couples de pigeons ont produit une couvée pour l'étude de l'action biochimique expliquant l'augmentation de la croissance des pigeonneaux, la limitation de la perte de poids chez les pigeons adultes mâles, et la tendance à l'amélioration de l'utilisation alimentaire cumulative due à la supplémentation en L-carnitine de l'expérience 1. Une amélioration de la croissance n'était constatée qu'en Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 40 (2000) 535-548 535

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“…In piglets weaned at day 3 of age, the supplementation of the replacement diet with carnitine did not improve growth performance during the 21-day experimental period (Hoffman et al, 1993). Likewise, litters suckled by sows supplemented with carnitine during lactation, which are known to exhibit greater carnitine concentrations in milk, did not differ in their weight gains until weaning from those suckled by unsupplemented sows (Musser et al, 1999;Birkenfeld et al, 2006). In the present study, growth performance did not Lö sel and Rehfeldt differ in the growth periods following carnitine supplementation, with the exception of a tendency for decreased gain : feed ratio in the period from weaning to day 70 of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Effects of l-carnitine supplementation to suckling piglets on carcass and meat quality at market age

Lösel

Rehfeldt

2013

Animal

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In a previous study, carnitine supplementation to piglets during the suckling period resulted in an increased total muscle fibre number at weaning in piglets of low birth weight. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether this effect is maintained until market age and whether this would attenuate the negative consequences of low birth weight on carcass and meat quality. Using a split-plot design with litter as block, sex as whole plot and treatment as subplot, the effects of earlypostnatal L-carnitine supplementation on female and castrated male piglets of low birth weight were investigated on a total of 56 German Landrace piglets from 14 litters. From days 7 to 27 of age piglets were orally supplemented once daily with 400 mg of L-carnitine dissolved in 1 ml of water or received an equal volume of water without carnitine. From weaning (day 28) until slaughter (day 166 of age) all pigs were fed standard diets. At weaning, carnitine-supplemented piglets had a twofold increased concentration of free carnitine ( P , 0.001) and a lower concentration of non-esterified fatty acids ( P , 0.05) in blood plasma indicating that carnitine became bioavailable and increased fatty acid utilization during the period of supplementation. Growth performance was not influenced by treatment in any growth period. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry revealed no differences in body composition between groups in weeks 12, 16 and 20 of age. LW at slaughter, carcass weight, measures of meat yield and fat accretion, as well as body composition by chemical analyses and dissection of primal cuts did not differ between treatments. No differences between control and carnitine-treated pigs in total fibre number ( P 5 0.85) and fibre cross-sectional area ( P 5 0.68) in m. semitendinosus (ST) measured at slaughter could be observed. The carnitine group tended to exhibit a smaller proportion of slow-twitch oxidative fibres ( P 5 0.08), a greater proportion of fast-twitch glycolytic fibres ( P 5 0.11), and increased specific lactate dehydrogenase activity ( P 5 0.09) in ST indicating a more glycolytic muscle metabolism. Compared with the controls, a lower pH 24 value was observed ( P 5 0.05) in ST muscle of carnitine-supplemented pigs, which -in castrates only -was associated with an increased drip loss ( P , 0.01). Meat quality traits in m. longissimus were not influenced by treatment. In conclusion, our hypothesis that early-postnatal carnitine supplementation to piglets of low birth weight permanently increases myofibre number and improves later carcass and meat quality could not be confirmed by this experiment.

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Effects of L-carnitine fed during lactation on sow and litter performance.

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake are up-regulated in the liver of sows during lactation

Genes involved in carnitine synthesis and carnitine uptake are up-regulated in the liver of sows during lactation

L-carnitine supplementation in breeding pigeons: impact on zootechnical performance and carnitine metabolism

Effects of l-carnitine supplementation to suckling piglets on carcass and meat quality at market age

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