“…Surface mechanical treatments, such as ultrasonic shot peening [9,10], mechanical attrition [11,12], laser shock peening [13,14], burnishing [15,16], and deep rolling [17,18], are the appropriate methods to increase the density of crystalline defects in the surface regions via a surface severe plastic deformation. By applying these treatments, three effects consisting of ''work hardening'', ''structural alteration'', and ''residual stress induction'' are achieved in surface zones [9,11,14,16,17].…”