Effects of levonorgestrel implant upon TSH and LH levels in male infants during lactation

Bassol, Susana; Nava-Hernández, Martha P.; Hernández-Morales, C.; Trujillo-Macias, A.M; Lopez-Lozano, M.R; Recio, R

doi:10.1016/s0020-7292(01)00587-2

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…24 One recent controlled study found a direct correlation between infant levonorgestrel levels and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression. 42 It is difficult to judge the relevance of an excess of deaths from gastroenteritis (4), pneumonia (1), or seizure (1) compared to placebo (1 death from gastroenteritis) in a nonrandomized trial of nomegestrol, a progestin unavailable in the United States. 25 Most studies and reviewers have found no adverse effects on lactation or breastfed infants from maternal progestin-only contraceptives.4347 However, the practice of providing injectable or implantable progestin-only contraceptives within a few days postpartum48 has not been adequately studied.…”

Section: Contraceptivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Drug Reactions in Breastfed Infants: Less Than Imagined

Anderson

Pochop

Manoguerra

2003

Clin Pediatr (Phila)

100

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Medication use during breastfeeding shortens the duration of breastfeeding often because of overly cautious information given by healthcare providers. No comprehensive review of the literature on infant adverse reactions from drugs in breastmilk has been published. All published studies and case reports on adverse events in infants caused by medications (excluding drugs of abuse) in breastmilk were identified and analyzed. Of 100 case reports evaluated, none were considered to be "definite" using a standard ranking scale; 47% were "probable" and 53% were "possible." Drugs with central nervous system activity accounted for half of all reports. All 3 reported fatalities involved central nervous system depressants, but each had extenuating circumstances. At least 63% of reported cases were in neonates and 78% were in infants 2 months or younger; only 4% of adverse reactions occurred in infants older than 6 months of age. Published studies expand on and generally reinforce the analysis of case reports. By taking a few simple precautions in drug selection and considering the infant's age, breastfeeding rarely needs to be discouraged or discontinued when a mother needs drug therapy.

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Section: Contraceptivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse Drug Reactions in Breastfed Infants: Less Than Imagined

Anderson

Pochop

Manoguerra

2003

Clin Pediatr (Phila)

100

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“…5 The higher the levonorgestrel levels, the lower the TSH levels in the infants. 5 The higher the levonorgestrel levels, the lower the TSH levels in the infants.…”

Section: Implants and Injectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive Function During Lactation

Lawrence

2011

Breastfeeding

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“…Recent evidence suggests that progestins in contraceptives can enter mother's milk, can be detected in the serum of breast-fed infants (2)(3)(4)15), and may influence the infant hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis (16). Yet a recently published meta-analysis of clinical reports concluded that evidence regarding the use of hormonal contraceptive during lactation is limited and of poor quality and stressed the urgent need for a properly conducted clinical trial in this field (17).…”

Section: P Use In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progesterone Receptors and Neural Development: A Gap between Bench and Bedside?

Wagner

2008

Endocrinology

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Despite a recent increase in the clinical use of progesterone in pregnant women and premature neonates, very little is understood about the potential role of this hormone and its receptors in neural development. Findings from rodent models indicate that the brain is indeed sensitive to progesterone during critical periods of development and maturation. Dramatic sex differences in progesterone receptor (PR) expression, in which males express higher levels of PR than females in specific regions, suggest that PR may play an important role in the sexual differentiation of brain and behavior and that the expression of PR may be one mechanism by which testicular hormones masculinize the brain. PR is also transiently expressed during fetal and neonatal development in areas of the brain associated with cognitive behaviors. PR protein and mRNA are expressed in pyramidal cell layers of perinatal cortex in an anatomically and developmentally specific manner, generating the intriguing hypothesis that progesterone is essential for normal cortical development. Basic research elucidating a potential role for progesterone and PR in developing brain is reviewed in light of the clinical use of this hormone. The necessity for future research integrating findings from the bench and the bedside is evident.

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Effects of levonorgestrel implant upon TSH and LH levels in male infants during lactation

Abstract: The overall data indicate that the LNG levels transferred to fully breast-fed infants through breast milk from Norplant users significantly modified their TSH levels.

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Adverse Drug Reactions in Breastfed Infants: Less Than Imagined

Adverse Drug Reactions in Breastfed Infants: Less Than Imagined

Reproductive Function During Lactation

Progesterone Receptors and Neural Development: A Gap between Bench and Bedside?

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