Effects of Lighting Intensity and Supplemental CO<sub>2</sub> on Yield of Potential Salad Crops for ISS

Richards, Jeffrey T.; Edney, Sharon L.; Yorio, N.C.; Stutte, Gary W.; Cranston, Nathan; Wheeler, Raymond M.; Goins, Gregory D.

doi:10.4271/2004-01-2296

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Several of these nutrients may be supplemented through fresh salad crops and will provide antioxidants and phytochemicals in a natural, whole-food form. Previous studies with salad crops have focused on combinations of environmental conditions (e.g., light, temperature, CO 2 concentration) needed to optimize plant growth for space settings (Richards et al, 2004(Richards et al, , 2006. While the macro nutritional value of crops was often evaluated in productivity studies (calories, protein, fats, and carbohydrates), micro nutritional data are limited (McKeehen et al, 1996;Wheeler et al, 1996Wheeler et al, , 1997.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological and Nutritional Analysis of Lettuce Crops Grown on the International Space Station

Khodadad¹,

Hummerick²,

Spencer³

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological and Nutritional Analysis of Lettuce Crops Grown on the International Space Station

Khodadad¹,

Hummerick²,

Spencer³

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…The yield of lettuce was better than (Richards et al, 2004b;Edney et al, 2006) or equal to (Richards et al, 2004a) some other experiments, but only half as good as the values achieved by the BPC (Wheeler et al, 2008). No reliable reference data could be found for the leafy greens mizuna and the red mustard red giant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Biomass Production of the EDEN ISS Space Greenhouse in Antarctica During the 2018 Experiment Phase

et al. 2020

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The EDEN ISS greenhouse is a space-analog test facility near the German Neumayer III station in Antarctica. The facility is part of the project of the same name and was designed and built starting from March 2015 and eventually deployed in Antarctica in January 2018. The nominal operation of the greenhouse started on February 7th and continued until the 20th of November. The purpose of the facility is to enable multidisciplinary research on topics related to future plant cultivation on human space exploration missions. Research on food quality and safety, plant health monitoring, microbiology, system validation, human factors and horticultural sciences was conducted. Part of the latter is the determination of the biomass production of the different crops. The data on this topic is presented in this paper. During the first season 26 different crops were grown on the 12.5 m 2 cultivation area of the greenhouse. A large number of crops were grown continuously throughout the 9 months of operation, but there were also crops that were only grown a few times for test purposes. The focus of this season was on growing lettuce, leafy greens and fresh vegetables. In total more than 268 kg of edible biomass was produced by the EDEN ISS greenhouse facility in 2018. Most of the harvest was cucumbers (67 kg), lettuces (56 kg), leafy greens (49 kg), and tomatoes (50 kg) complemented with smaller amounts of herbs (12 kg), radish (8 kg), and kohlrabi (19 kg). The environmental set points for the crops were 330-600 µmol/(m 2 * s) LED light, 21 • C, ∼65% relative humidity, 1000 ppm and the photoperiod was 17 h per day. The overall yearly productivity of the EDEN ISS greenhouse in 2018 was 27.4 kg/m 2 , which is equal to 0.075 kg/(m 2 * d). This paper shows in detail the data on edible and inedible biomass production of each crop grown in the EDEN ISS greenhouse in Antarctica during the 2018 season.

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“…These supplemental food crops have a short shelf life but can have a high impact on the diet (Cooper et al, 2012). NASA ground testing included species such as spinach, lettuce, chard, green onion, leafy mustards such as pak choi, mizuna, and Chinese cabbage, radish, beet, dwarf tomato, dwarf pepper, strawberry, and dwarf plum trees (Knight and Mitchell, 1983;Gilrain et al, 1999;Subbarao et al, 1999;Goins and Yorio, 2000;Richards et al, 2004;Massa et al, 2006;Hummerick et al, 2010;Graham et al, 2015;Massa et al, 2016;Graham and Wheeler, 2016). To date, many of the leafy greens and "Red Robin" tomato have performed very well in these studies (Spencer et al, 2019;Spencer et al, 2020).…”

Section: Preparing Crops For Space: the Concept Of Crop Readiness Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regardless of the lighting approach, nearly all these studies showed greater yields in response to increased PAR (Knight and Mitchell, 1983;Knight and Mitchell, 1988;Richards et al, 2004). Although some leafy greens are prone to physiological disorders like leaf tip burn at higher PAR (Barta and Tibbitts, 1991;Frantz et al, 2004), this key relationship between PAR and yield becomes a driving factor for planning crop systems for space.…”

Section: Plant Lightingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplemental Food Production With Plants: A Review of NASA Research

Johnson

Boles

Spencer

et al. 2021

Front. Astron. Space Sci.

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Bioregenerative life-support systems for space have been investigated for 60 years, and plants and other photosynthetic organisms are central to this concept for their ability to produce food and O2, remove CO2, and help recycle wastewater. Many of the studies targeted larger scale systems that might be used for planetary surface missions, with estimates ranging from about 40 to 50 m2 (or more) of crop growing area needed per person. But early space missions will not have these volumes available for crop growth. How can plants be used in the interim, where perhaps <5 m2 of growing area might be available? One option is to grow plants as supplemental, fresh foods. This could improve the quality and diversity of the meals on the International Space Station or on the Lunar surface, and supply important nutrients to the astronauts for missions like Mars transit, and longer duration Martian surface missions. Although plant chambers for supplemental food production would be relatively small, they could provide the bioregenerative research community with platforms for testing different crops in a space environment and serve as a stepping stone to build larger bioregenerative systems for future missions. Here we review some of NASA’s research and development (ground and spaceflight) targeting fresh food production systems for space. We encourage readers to also look into the extensive work by other space agencies and universities around the world on this same topic.

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Effects of Lighting Intensity and Supplemental CO₂ on Yield of Potential Salad Crops for ISS

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Microbiological and Nutritional Analysis of Lettuce Crops Grown on the International Space Station

Microbiological and Nutritional Analysis of Lettuce Crops Grown on the International Space Station

Biomass Production of the EDEN ISS Space Greenhouse in Antarctica During the 2018 Experiment Phase

Supplemental Food Production With Plants: A Review of NASA Research

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Effects of Lighting Intensity and Supplemental CO2 on Yield of Potential Salad Crops for ISS

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Microbiological and Nutritional Analysis of Lettuce Crops Grown on the International Space Station

Microbiological and Nutritional Analysis of Lettuce Crops Grown on the International Space Station

Biomass Production of the EDEN ISS Space Greenhouse in Antarctica During the 2018 Experiment Phase

Supplemental Food Production With Plants: A Review of NASA Research

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Product

Resources

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Effects of Lighting Intensity and Supplemental CO₂ on Yield of Potential Salad Crops for ISS