The results of the complex analysis of different wheat species tolerance to drought stress in vivo at different levels of organization as well as in vitro on callus cultures, which was conducted, are presented. The objects of research are as follows: species of wheat-T. monococum L. (A u ), T. dicoccum Shuebl. (A u B), T. polonicum L. (A u B), T. aethiopicum Jakubz. (A u B), T. macha Dek.et.Men. (A u BD), T. compactum Host. (A u BD), and T. aestivum L. (A u BD). The methods of this research are physiological, biotechnological, and cytological. The focus was on nonspecific reactions of cereals to osmotic stress, and species-specific changes according to growth and anatomical and photosynthetic parameters which depend on studied species ploidy were shown. It was shown that results of testing of plant tissues in vivo and in vitro are comparable. It demonstrated the criterions for selection of drought-tolerant forms. Optimal selection criteria were identified, and more drought-resistant wheat species were identified.