“…The pharmacodynamic value of GFAP was assessed in 17 preclinical studies (41,(57)(58)(59)62,65,67,70,71,73,74,78,82,85,86,89,93) using various injury severity models. Different therapeutic approaches were evaluated and ranged from lifestyle interventions (67,73,86), to anti-epileptic drugs, (41,59) to immunomodulatory agents (57,62,82). TBI-induced blood GFAP levels were decreased in 9 out of 13 studies from moderate-to-severe TBI (57,59,67,74,78,85,89), smTBI (73), and rmTBI (93) models.…”