Effects of long-term administration of Multi-Strain Probiotic on circulating levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and mental health in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Probiotic and commensal gut microbial therapies in multiple sclerosis and its animal models: a comprehensive review

“…60 Probiotic therapy did, however, lead to marked improvements in quality of life as measured through the BDI, GHQ-28, DASS, FSS, and MPQ assessments. 60,63,64 The proinflammatory cytokines that were measured (IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα) were consistently reduced in the probiotic treatment groups, as were several oxidative stress markers (hs-CRP, MDA). 60,61,63,64 Anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants were measured, showing elevated IL-10 and plasma nitric oxide.…”

“…60,63,64 The proinflammatory cytokines that were measured (IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα) were consistently reduced in the probiotic treatment groups, as were several oxidative stress markers (hs-CRP, MDA). 60,61,63,64 Anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants were measured, showing elevated IL-10 and plasma nitric oxide. 60,64 Two additional prospective cohort studies used therapy with the probiotic mixture VSL#3.…”

“…lactis BB12 & B. animalis subsp. lactis LMG S-28195 Improved 6 L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. fermentum, & B. bifidum Kouchaki et al 60 Human RCT Low Not specified Improved 5 Tamtaji et al 61 Human RCT Low Not specified Slightly improved (immunologically) B. fragilis Ochoa-Reparaz et al 62 Animal EAE Proph UN NCTC 9343 Improved 5 L. crispatus Consonni et al 53 Animal EAE Proph & Thera Low LMG P -23257 Improved 4 L. rhamnosus Consonni et al 53 Animal EAE Proph & Thera Low ATCC 53103 Improved 4 Lactibiane iki Calvo-Barreiro et al 44 Animal EAE Thera Low B. lactis LA 304, L. acidophilus LA 201, L. salivarius LA 302 Improved 4 Protexin Rahimlou et al 63 Human RCT Low B. subtilis PXN 21, B. bifidum PXN 23, B. breve PXN 25, B. infantis PXN 27, B. longum ...…”

“…Four of the human probiotic therapy studies included were double-blind, placebo-controlled RCTs, and thus all were classified as "high quality" studies. 60,61,63,64 Probiotic therapy produced modest decreases in EDSS that, while sometimes statistically significant, were not found to be clinically significant based on the authors' designation of an EDSS change of ≥1.0 point for levels less than 5.5 or ≥0.5 point for levels greater than 5.5. 60,64 The impact on EDSS seemed more pronounced in the shorter, 12 week study, suggesting that the observed benefits may only be transient.…”

Beneficial Roles of Microglia and Growth Factors in MS, a Brief Review

“…Neurons are in distress during MS crisis, and a robust expression of BDNF receptors may compensate to balance the detrimental effects of inflammation (Stadelmann et al, 2002 ). Furthermore, neutralization of BDNF, NT-3, and nerve growth factor within the cultured tissues enhance MHC class II inducibility (Neumann et al, 1998 ; Rahimlou et al, 2020 ). Through this factor, microglia affect the inflammation by impairing the antigenic presentation and then promote the survival of existing neurons and promote neurogenesis and RM (Huang and Reichardt, 2001 ).…”