Effects of Long-Term Estrogen Replacement Therapy. II. Neoplasia

Hammond, Charles B.; Jelovsek, Frederick R.; Lee, Kerry L.; Creasman, William T.; Parker, Roy T.

doi:10.1097/00006254-197908000-00016

Cited by 26 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…Lack of patient knowledge about osteoporosis and hormone therapy has contributed to a lack of adherence to treatment. 38,39 Low adherence to estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women has been well documented 40 ; one retrospective study 41 revealed long-term adherence of 30%. Adherence has also been a concern with the next most commonly used pharmacological agent, bisphosphonates.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Mineral Density Measurement and Treatment for Osteoporosis in Older Individuals With Fractures

Feldstein¹,

Elmer²,

Orwoll³

et al. 2003

Arch Intern Med

207

114

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Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Mineral Density Measurement and Treatment for Osteoporosis in Older Individuals With Fractures

Feldstein¹,

Elmer²,

Orwoll³

et al. 2003

Arch Intern Med

207

114

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show abstract

“…Both estrogen therapy (ET), which consists of estrogen alone, and hormone therapy (HT), which combines estrogen and progestogen, have shown efficacy in the relief of menopausal symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis (3,4). However, HT is recommended for women with an intact uterus because ET alone is associated with endometrial stimulation (5)(6)(7). Evidence suggests that irregular bleeding and breast symptoms that occur during treatment with HT are common reasons for discontinuation during the first 2 years of therapy (8,9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE): incidence of uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women

Archer

Lewis

Carr

et al. 2009

Fertility and Sterility

116

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“…However, general population studies in postmenopausal women demonstrate that in estrogen hormone replacement regimens, the addition of progestin, now usually given in women with intact uteri for endometrial cancer prophylaxis [202][203][204][205][206][207][208], may increase the risk for breast cancer compared with estrogen replacement alone [209,210]. Moreover, though controversial, especially after reports from the Heart Estrogen/ Progestin Replacement Study which did not find a definitive cardiovascular protective effect from estrogen replacement therapy with or without progestin, there has been concern that the addition of certain progestins for endometrial protection to some hormone regimens could blunt favorable lipid and vascular effects that were expected from estrogen replacement after menopause [211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220].…”

Section: Surgical Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Peritoneal carcinoma in women with genetic susceptibility: implications for Jewish populations

Casey

Bewtra

2004

Familial Cancer

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Women from families with multiple cases of breast and ovarian cancer, specifically those who carry cancer-associated mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at increased life-time risk for peritoneal carcinoma, even after previous surgery to remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus. Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome and the associated BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are particularly prevalent in women of Jewish lineage, and specific BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations have been linked with peritoneal carcinoma and HBOC syndrome in Jewish populations, especially those of Ashkenazi descent. This review presents the currently available data and looks forward toward further and better understanding of peritoneal carcinoma in women with inherited susceptibility. Over 90% of peritoneal cancer in patients from HBOC syndrome kindreds and associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are serous carcinomas, which is equivalent with the proportion of ovarian cancers that are serous carcinomas in similar patients. The best indications are that while many peritoneal carcinomas in genetically susceptible women may arise directly from malignant transformation of the peritoneum, others might represent metastases from primary ovarian or fallopian tube carcinomas. Although the incidence of borderline ovarian tumors may not be increased in HBOC syndrome kindreds and those who carry cancer-associated BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, these individuals could be susceptible to malignant transformation of borderline lesions of the ovaries and peritoneum. Moreover, recent reports raise the question of possibly increased risk in Jewish carriers of germline BRCA1 mutations for uterine papillary serous carcinoma, which could be the source of metastasis to the peritoneum in some cases. The penetrance of cancer-associated BRCA1 mutations for ovarian cancer is estimated to be 11%-54%, and for BRCA2 mutations the penetrance for ovarian cancer is 11%-23%. So far, available screening methods appear to be insufficient for early detection of many ovarian cancers. Prophylactic oophorectomy has been found to reduce the risk for ovarian cancer in women from HBOC kindreds and those who carry cancer-associated BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, leaving a residual risk for peritoneal carcinomatosis of well less than 5%. Therefore, surgical removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus, after child-bearing has been completed and by early in the fifth decade of life, are appropriate prophylactic procedures in women whose genetic susceptibility puts them at increased risk for cancers of mullerian tract origin, including ovarian and fallopian tube carcinomas and possibly serous carcinoma of the uterus. Hysterectomy, as well as salpingo-oophorectomy, removes the gynecologic organs targeted for malignant transformation in genetically susceptible women and simplifies decisions regarding hormone replacement therapy and chemical prophylaxis and treatment of breast cancer. Unless a transabdominal operative approach is otherwise indicated, laparoscopic-assisted transvagin...

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Effects of Long-Term Estrogen Replacement Therapy. II. Neoplasia

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Bone Mineral Density Measurement and Treatment for Osteoporosis in Older Individuals With Fractures

Bone Mineral Density Measurement and Treatment for Osteoporosis in Older Individuals With Fractures

Bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens (BZA/CE): incidence of uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women

Peritoneal carcinoma in women with genetic susceptibility: implications for Jewish populations

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