Effects of long term feeding of Quillaja saponins on sex ratio, muscle and serum cholesterol and LH levels in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (L.))

Francis, George; Levavi‐Sivan, Berta; Avitan, Ayelet; Becker, Klaus

doi:10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00167-9

Cited by 33 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The absolute increase in weight was higher compared with control animals even at higher dietary levels of 700 mg/kg in Nile tilapia (Francis et al, 2002c). The growth-promoting effects of QS were most pronounced during the initial period of feeding (Francis et al, 2001b and.…”

Section: Effects and Applications Of Phytochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Adult tilapia that were spawning regularly stopped egg laying when put on a diet containing 300 mg/kg of QS (G. Francis and K. Becker, unpublished observations). In another experiment, the sex ratio of tilapia larvae fed a diet containing 700 mg/kg of QS continuously over a 6-month experimental period deviated significantly from the normal 50/50 ratio in favour of males (Francis et al, 2002c). This deviation from the normal sex ratio in favour of males was also evident (but not statistically significant) in the treatment groups receiving lower quantities of QS (150 mg/kg diet) in the diet.…”

Section: Observations)mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The lack of homogeneity in the growth-promoting effects of dietary QS was also evident during feeding experiments where the number of experimental fish was relatively high, both in the laboratory (Francis et al, 2002c) and field trials (Steinbronn, 2002). The variability was evident despite the fact that fish used in the individual experiments were of the same lineage, age and body mass.…”

Section: Effects and Applications Of Phytochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems

Makkar

Francis

Becker

2007

Animal

378

214

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Livestock and aquaculture production is under political and social pressure, especially in the European Union (EU), to decrease pollution and environmental damage arising due to animal agriculture. The EU has banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals, which have been shown to be effective in promoting growth and reducing environment pollutants because of the risk caused to humans by chemical residues in food and by antibiotic resistance being passed on to human pathogens. As a result of this, scientists have intensified efforts in exploiting plants, plant extracts or natural plant compounds as potential natural alternatives for enhancing the livestock productivity. This paper discusses work on the effects of various phytochemicals and plant secondary metabolites in ruminant and fish species. The focus is on (i) plants such as Ananas comosus (pine apple), Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) and Azadirachta indica (neem) containing anthelmintic compounds and for their use for controlling internal parasites; (ii) plants containing polyphenols and their applications for protecting proteins from degradation in the rumen, increasing efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in rumen and decreasing methane emission; for using as antioxidants, antibacterial and antihelmintic agents; and for changing meat colour and for increasing n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in meat; (iii) saponin-rich plants such as quillaja, yucca and Sapindus saponaria for increasing the efficiency of rumen fermentation, decreasing methane emission and enhancing growth; for producing desired nutritional attributes such as lowering of cholesterol in monogastric animals; for increasing growth of fish (common carp and Nile tilapia) and for changing male to female ratio in tilapia; and for use as molluscicidal agents; (iv) Moringa oleifera leaves as a source of plant growth factor(s), antioxidants, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and various glucosinolates and their degraded products for possible use as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and antipest agents; (v) Jatropha curcas toxic variety with high levels of various phytochemicals such as trypsin inhibitor, lectin, phytate and phorbol esters in seeds limiting the use of seed meal in fish and livestock diets; and the use of phorbol esters as bio-pesticidal agent; and (vi) lesser-known legumes such as Entada phaseoloides seeds containing high levels of trypsin inhibitor and saponins, Sesbania aculeate seeds rich in non-starch polysaccharides and Mucuna pruriens var. utilis seeds rich in L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and their potential as fish feed; Cassia fistula seeds as a source of antioxidants; and the use of Canavalia ensiformis, C. gladiata and C. virosa seeds containing high levels of trypsin inhinitor, lectins and canavanine. The paper also presents some challenges and future areas of work in this field.

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Section: Effects and Applications Of Phytochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Observations)mentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Effects and Applications Of Phytochemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems

Makkar

Francis

Becker

2007

Animal

378

214

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The complexity of saponin structure arises from the variability of the aglycone structure, the nature of the side chains and the position of attachment of these moieties on the aglycone (Francis et al, 2002b). Triterpenoid saponins are predominant in dicotyledonous angiosperms and the steroidal saponins are almost exclusively isolated from monocotyledonous angiosperms (reviewed by Sparg et al, 2004).…”

Section: Norwegian Scientific Committee For Food Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the experiments with carp (Francis et al, 2001b and2002c) very low numbers of individuals were used (five fish per diet) and fish were held individually in respiration chambers during the experiment. In the experiments with tilapia (Francis et al, 2001c and2002b) a similar design was used. Additionally, a mixed sex population (unevenly distributed among diet groups) was used for the experiment, during which the authors noted that females exhibited mouth brooding and the control group experienced more spawning events during the experimental period than the other groups.…”

Section: Biological Effects In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%