Effects of long-term training cessation in young top-level road cyclists

Maldonado-Martín, Sara; Cámara, Jesús; James, David; Fernández-López, Juan Ramón; Artetxe-Gezuraga, Xabier

doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1215502

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…To recover from the strenuous competition period, cyclists' training load is often drastically reduced for 2-3 weeks in the subsequent transition period (Lucia et al, 2000;Sassi et al, 2008). However, too long periods (>4 weeks) of training cessation might lead to deterioration of performance (Mujika and Padilla, 2000;Decroix et al, 2016;Maldonado-Martin et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Including Sprints in One Weekly Low-Intensity Training Session During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists

et al. 2020

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of including 30-s sprints in one weekly low-intensity training (LIT) session during a 3-week transition period in elite cyclists. Sixteen male elite cyclists (maximal oxygen uptake, VO 2max : 72 ± 5 ml•kg −1 •min −1) reduced their training load by ~60% for 3 weeks from the end of competitive season and performed only LIT or included 30-s sprints (SPR) in one weekly LIT-session. Performance and physiological capacities were evaluated during a prolonged (~2.5 h) test-session, including a strength test, a submaximal blood lactate profile test, an incremental test to exhaustion to determine VO 2max , 1 h continuous cycling including four maximal 30-s sprints, and a 20-min all-out test. In addition, mental recovery was evaluated using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ARQ). The only significant between-group change during the transition period was an 8 ± 11% larger improvement in 30-s sprint performance in SPR compared to control (CON; SPR: 4 ± 5%, CON: −4 ± 5%, p = 0.01). Although not different from CON, SPR maintained 20-min all-out performance (−1 ± 5%, p = 0.37) and fractional utilization of VO 2max (1.9 ± 6.1%-points, p = 0.18) during the 20-min all-out test, whereas corresponding declines were observed in CON (−3 ± 5%, p = 0.04, and −2.5 ± 2.9%points, p = 0.02, respectively). Power output at 4 mmol•L −1 blood lactate concentration decreased similarly in SPR (−4 ± 4%, p = 0.02) and CON (−5 ± 5%, p = 0.01), while VO 2max , maximal aerobic power (W max), and total burnout score were unaffected in both groups. Including sprints in one weekly LIT-session in the transition period improves sprint performance and maintains 20-min all-out power and fractional utilization of VO 2max without compromising mental recovery. Inclusion of sprints in LIT-sessions may therefore be a plausible, time-efficient strategy during short periods of reduced training.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Including Sprints in One Weekly Low-Intensity Training Session During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists

et al. 2020

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“…Physiological attributes include (i) high cardiac output and high rate of oxygen availability and delivery to working muscles reflected on maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) and dependent of muscle capillary density, stroke volume, maximal heart rate, and hemoglobin content; (ii) capacity to sustain a high VO 2 fraction for long periods of time [i.e., ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2), which depend on aerobic enzyme activity, and distribution of power output]; (iii) capacity to produce movement with the minimum energy cost [i.e., running economy (RE), which depends on the percentage of slow twitch muscle fibers, anthropometry, and elasticity] ( Bassett and Howley, 2000 ; Foster and Lucia, 2007 ; Joyner and Coyle, 2008 ); and (iv) capacity to develop muscular power ( Nuhr et al, 2003 ). Detraining has been characterized as a partial loss of training-induced physiological and performance adaptations, as a consequence of various weeks of training cessation ( Maldonado-Martín et al, 2016 ). However, detraining periods are frequent and, in many cases, uncontrollable in most sport disciplines (injuries, transition periods, discharge micro-cycle, etc.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Improves Performance-Related Parameters in Runners

et al. 2018

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The aim of this study was to study the effects of a 6-session (one per week) WB-EMS training intervention on maximum oxygen uptake, aerobic and gas exchange thresholds, running economy, and muscular power in male recreational runners. Twelve men were randomized into WB-EMS intervention (n = 6; 27.0 ± 7.5 years; 70.1 ± 11.1 kg; 1.75 ± 0.5 m) or control (n = 6; 27.0 ± 6.1 years; 73.6 ± 3.4 kg; 1.77 ± 0.3 m). The WB-EMS group reduced the running training frequency to one per week and followed one WB-EMS training session per week during 6 weeks. Participants in the control group maintained their usual running endurance training. Each participant completed four assessments: physiological parameters [(i) VO2max, aerobic and gas exchange threshold values, and (ii) running economy at two intensities], muscular power (vertical jump), and anthropometric parameters both at baseline and after the intervention. Participants in the WB-EMS group improved VO2max, aerobic and gas exchange threshold values, running economy, and vertical jump (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. There, WB-EMS seems to be an effective training methodology leading to improvements in performance during endurance training volume reduction in male recreational runners.

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“…Lactate thresholds measured during a single graded incremental exercise test are aerobic capacity markers broadly used among sport scientists to assess the physiological capacity of athletes and prescribe endurance training . Fixed blood lactate concentration (FBLC) thresholds, such as the running speeds associated with 3 mmol·L −1 (S3mM) and 4 mmol·L −1 (S4mM, also termed OBLA), are often preferred over other lactate thresholds . FBLC thresholds, indeed, (a) reduce the time and cost of the assessment procedure; (b) are measurable both individually in laboratory settings and in several athletes at the same time in field settings; (c) are feasible procedures to incorporate into the training monitoring of competitive athletes; (d) are related to muscle fiber type distribution and capillary density; (e) are highly reproducible; (f) unlike other lactate thresholds, are usually easy to determine; and (g) predict running performance as well as or better than other lactate thresholds .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Fixed blood lactate concentration (FBLC) thresholds, such as the running speeds associated with 3 mmol·L −1 (S3mM) and 4 mmol·L −1 (S4mM, also termed OBLA), are often preferred over other lactate thresholds. [2][3][4][5] FBLC thresholds, indeed, (a) reduce the time and cost of the assessment procedure 3 ; (b) are measurable both individually in laboratory settings and in several athletes at the same time in field settings 6 ; (c) are feasible procedures to incorporate into the training monitoring of competitive athletes 5 ; (d) are related to muscle fiber type distribution and capillary density 7 ; (e) are highly reproducible 8 ; (f) unlike other lactate thresholds, are usually easy to determine 9 ; and (g) predict running performance as well as or better than other lactate thresholds. 10 Determination of FBLC thresholds, however, is an invasive procedure requiring qualified personnel to perform several blood sample extractions per subject, plus the subsequent blood analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On‐field prediction vs monitoring of aerobic capacity markers using submaximal lactate and heart rate measures

Garcia‐Tabar

Izquierdo

Gorostiaga

2017

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study aimed to validate the use of a single blood lactate concentration measurement taken following a 5-minute running bout at 10 km·h (BLC ) and the speed associated with 90% of maximal heart rate (S ) to predict and monitor fixed blood lactate concentration (FBLC) thresholds in athletes. Three complementary studies were undertaken. Study I: A cross-sectional study examining the associations of BLC and S with running speeds at FBLC of 3 (S3mM) and 4 mmol·L (S4mM) in 100 athletes. Study II: A cross-validation study assessing the predictive capacity of BLC and S to estimate FBLC thresholds in real practice. Study III: A longitudinal study examining whether training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds could be monitored using BLC and S in 80 athletes tested before and after an intensified training period. Study I: BLC (r=-.87 to -.89) and S (r=.73-.79) were very largely (P<.001) related to FBLC thresholds. Study II: Predictive models yielded robust correlations between estimated and measured FBLC thresholds (r=.75-.91; P<.001). The limits of agreements, however, revealed that prediction of FBLC thresholds could be biased up to 9%-15%. Study III: BLC was very largely related to training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds (r=-.72 to -.76; P<.001). Increases in S were associated with improvements in FBLC thresholds, but decreases in S led to unclear changes in FBLC thresholds. This study supports the use of BLC as a simple, low-cost, non-fatiguing, and time-efficient functional variable to monitor, but not predict, FBLC thresholds in athletes. The present results also question the use of S to detect declines in endurance performance.

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Effects of long-term training cessation in young top-level road cyclists

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of Including Sprints in One Weekly Low-Intensity Training Session During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists

Effects of Including Sprints in One Weekly Low-Intensity Training Session During the Transition Period of Elite Cyclists

Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Improves Performance-Related Parameters in Runners

On‐field prediction vs monitoring of aerobic capacity markers using submaximal lactate and heart rate measures

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