“…It is known that short wavelength longitudinal grooves (riblets) can reduce drag by forcing the stream to lift above the grooves (Walsh 1980, 1983). It is also known that long wavelength longitudinal grooves can lead to drag reduction through changes in the distribution of the bulk flow (Szumbarski, Blonski & Kowalewski 2011, Moradi & Floryan 2013; Mohammadi & Floryan 2013 a , 2014, 2015; Mohammadi, Moradi & Floryan 2015, Chen et al. 2016; DeGroot, Wang & Floryan 2016; Raayai-Ardakani & McKinley 2017; Yadav, Gepner & Szumbarski 2017, 2018).…”