Effects of low intensity ambient lighting on refractive development in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

She, Zhihui; Hung, Li-Fang; Arumugam, Baskar; Beach, Krista M.; Smith, Earl L.

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2020.07.004

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…All measurements were conducted between 13:00 to 18:00 h to control for diurnal variations in choroidal thickness 46,47 and vascularity index. 48 To minimise the possible effect of light exposure on choroidal thickness, 49,50 choroidal imaging was performed under constant mesopic light levels without mydriasis. There is some evidence suggesting that choroidal thickness may be altered following shortterm exposure to total darkness.…”

Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide‐field choroidal thickness and vascularity index in myopes and emmetropes

Yazdani

Ehsaei

Hoseini-Yazdi

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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To study regional variations in choroidal thickness (CT), luminal thickness and stromal thickness of the choroid, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in low myopic and emmetropic eyes using wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods: Sixty-nine healthy young adults between 20 and 38 years of age participated in this study, including 40 low myopes (mean ± SD spherical equivalent (MSE) refractive error: −3.00 ± 1.39 D, range: −6.00 to −0.62 D) and 29 emmetropes (MSE: −0.05 ± 0.09 D, range: −0.25 to +0.12 D). Wide-field CT, luminal thickness, stromal thickness and CVI were measured across five eccentricities (fovea, parafovea, perifovea; near-periphery and periphery) and four quadrants (nasal, temporal, inferior and superior), in vertical and horizontal meridians, while controlling for a range of extraneous factors potentially influencing the CT. Custom-written software was used to segment and binarize the OCT images.Results: Wide-field CT, luminal thickness and stromal thickness, averaged across all participants, exhibited significant topographical variation, with the foveal (379 ± 8 µm, 200 ± 4 µm, 179 ± 4 µm, respectively) and peripheral (275 ± 8 µm, 161 ± 4 µm, 114 ± 4 µm, respectively) regions presenting the thickest and thinnest regions (all p < 0.001). Wide-field CVI showed a progressively higher percentage (greater vascularity) with increasing eccentricity from the fovea towards the periphery (p < 0.001). Macular CT and stromal choroidal thickness were significantly thinner in myopes compared to emmetropes (p < 0.05). Myopes (55.7 ± 0.3%) showed a slightly higher CVI compared with emmetropes (54.4 ± 0.4%) (p < 0.05). Conclusions:Low myopia in young adults was associated with significant choroidal thinning across the macular, but not extramacular regions, with this decrease in choroidal thickness mostly attributed to thinning in the stromal component of the choroid, rather than the luminal (vascular) component.

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Section: Key Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide‐field choroidal thickness and vascularity index in myopes and emmetropes

Yazdani

Ehsaei

Hoseini-Yazdi

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…Control monkeys ( n = 14) were housed under broadband “white” fluorescent lighting (Philips TL735, CCT = 3,500 K; Philips Lighting, Sommerset, NJ, United States) with an average illuminance of 480 lux (range = 342–688 lux; for husbandry details, see Smith and Hung, 1999 ). The spectral composition of the white fluorescent lighting contained multiple peaks with maximum intensities at 550 and 612 nm, and smaller peaks at 430 and 490 nm ( She et al, 2020 ). Experimental monkeys ( n = 41) were initially housed under white fluorescent lighting.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Narrowband Lighting Influences Activity but Not Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell-Driven Pupil Responses

et al. 2021

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Purpose: Light affects a variety of non-image forming processes, such as circadian rhythm entrainment and the pupillary light reflex, which are mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of long- and short-wavelength ambient lighting on activity patterns and pupil responses in rhesus monkeys.Methods: Infant rhesus monkeys were reared under either broadband “white” light (n = 14), long-wavelength “red” light (n = 20; 630 nm), or short-wavelength “blue” light (n = 21; 465 nm) on a 12-h light/dark cycle starting at 24.1 ± 2.6 days of age. Activity was measured for the first 4 months of the experimental period using a Fitbit activity tracking device and quantified as average step counts during the daytime (lights-on) and nighttime (lights-off) periods. Pupil responses to 1 s red (651 nm) and blue (456 nm) stimuli were measured after approximately 8 months. Pupil metrics included maximum constriction and the 6 s post-illumination pupil response (PIPR).Results: Activity during the lights-on period increased with age during the first 10 weeks (p < 0.001 for all) and was not significantly different for monkeys reared in white, red, or blue light (p = 0.07). Activity during the 12-h lights-off period was significantly greater for monkeys reared in blue light compared to those in white light (p = 0.02), but not compared to those in red light (p = 0.08). However, blue light reared monkeys exhibited significantly lower activity compared to both white and red light reared monkeys during the first hour of the lights-off period (p = 0.01 for both) and greater activity during the final hour of the lights-off period (p < 0.001 for both). Maximum pupil constriction and the 6 s PIPR to 1 s red and blue stimuli were not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05 for all).Conclusion: Findings suggest that long-term exposure to 12-h narrowband blue light results in greater disruption in nighttime behavioral patterns compared to narrowband red light. Normal pupil responses measured later in the rearing period suggest that ipRGCs adapt after long-term exposure to narrowband lighting.

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“…Moreover, lowluminance experiments in monkeys reared in less than 50 lux produced an increase in hypermetropia, rather than myopia, leading the researchers to conclude that for monkey a low-light environment by itself is insufficient to develop myopia, but that it can affect emmetropization and form deprivation myopia. 72 Together, these observations suggest that indoor illuminance levels play a role in refractive development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Although the mean refractive error was hypermetropic in all cases, as is common in young children, those spending their days in low‐illuminance schools (at around 300 lux) were significantly less hypermetropic (mean refraction +0.50D) than those spending their schooldays under high illuminance (near 800 lux; mean refraction +1.00D). Moreover, low‐luminance experiments in monkeys reared in less than 50 lux produced an increase in hypermetropia, rather than myopia, leading the researchers to conclude that for monkey a low‐light environment by itself is insufficient to develop myopia, but that it can affect emmetropization and form deprivation myopia 72 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reappraisal of the historical myopia epidemic in native Arctic communities

Rozema

Boulet

Stell

et al. 2021

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose This study was developed to explain the extraordinary rise in myopia prevalence beginning after 1950 in Indigenous Arctic communities considering recent findings about the risk factors for school myopia development. Myopia prevalence changed drastically from a historical low of less than 3% to more than 50% in new generations of young adults following the Second World War. At that time, this increase was attributed to concurrent alterations in the environment and way of life which occurred in an aggressive programme of de‐culturalization and re‐acculturation through residential school programmes that introduced mental, emotional and physical stressors. However, the predominant idea that myopia was genetic in nature won the discussion of the day, and research in the area of environmental changes was dismissed. There may have also been an association between myopia progression and the introduction of extreme mental, emotional and physical stressors at the time. Recent findings Since 1978, animal models of myopia have demonstrated that myopiagenesis has a strong environmental component. Furthermore, multiple studies in human populations have shown since 2005 how myopia could be produced by a combination of limited exposure to the outdoors and heavy emphasis on academic subjects associated with intense reading habits. This new knowledge was applied in the present study to unravel the causes of the historical myopia epidemics in Inuit communities. Summary After reviewing the available published data on myopia prevalence in circumpolar Inuit populations in the 20th century, the most likely causes for the Inuit myopia epidemic were the combination of increased near work (from almost none to daily reading) and the move from a mostly outdoor to a much more indoor way of life, exacerbated by fewer hours of sunshine during waking hours, the lower illuminance in the Arctic and the extreme psychophysical stress due to the conditions in the Residential Schools.

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Effects of low intensity ambient lighting on refractive development in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Cited by 18 publications

References 61 publications

Wide‐field choroidal thickness and vascularity index in myopes and emmetropes

Wide‐field choroidal thickness and vascularity index in myopes and emmetropes

Long-Term Narrowband Lighting Influences Activity but Not Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell-Driven Pupil Responses

Reappraisal of the historical myopia epidemic in native Arctic communities

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