Effects of Lysophospholipid Supplementation in Feed with Low Protein or Lipid on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Intestinal Flora of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Abstract

The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were fed diets with three experimental feeds, a control diet (Control, crude protein (CP): 54.52%, crude lipid (CL): 11.45%), a low-protein diet with lysophospholipid (LP-Ly, CP: 52.46%, CL: 11.36%), and a low-lipid diet with lysophospholipid (LL-Ly, CP: 54.43%, CL: 10.19%), respectively. The LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups represented the addition of 1 g/kg of lysophospholipids in the low-protein and low-lipid groups, respectively. After a 64-day feeding trial, the experimental results showed that the growth performance, hepatosomatic index, and viscerosomatic index of largemouth bass in both the LP-Ly and LL-Ly groups were not significantly different compared to those in the Control group ( P > 0.05 ). The condition factor and CP content of whole fish were significantly higher in the LP-Ly group than those in the Control group ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the Control group, the serum total cholesterol level and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity were significantly lower in both the LP-Ly group and the LL-Ly group ( P < 0.05 ). The protease and lipase activities in the liver and intestine of both group LL-Ly and group LP-Ly were significantly higher than those of the Control group ( P < 0.05 ). Compared to both the LL-Ly group and the LP-Ly group, significantly lower liver enzyme activities and gene expression of fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were found in the Control group ( P < 0.05 ). The addition of lysophospholipids increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium and Acinetobacter) and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria (Mycoplasma) in the intestinal flora. In conclusion, the supplementation of lysophospholipids in low-protein or low-lipid diets had no negative effect on the growth performance of largemouth bass, but increased the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, enhanced the hepatic lipid metabolism, promoted the protein deposition, and regulated the structure and diversity of the intestinal flora.

Physiological Benefits of Dietary Lysophospholipid Supplementation in a Marine Fish Model: Deep Analyses of Modes of Action

“…In fish, Liu et al [ 27 ] reported that the response to stimulus is involved in the upregulated response to handling and confinement stress in trout, while Raposo de Magalhaes et al [ 53 ] also referred to this GO term in the analysis of the stress-responsive hepatic proteome in gilthead sea bream. In parallel, a recent study [ 54 ] in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) demonstrated that the addition of LPLs increased the abundance of beneficial microbiota and decreased the abundance of harmful microbiota in the intestinal flora, which could also be related to the proposed less-reactive condition of fish receiving LPL supplementation. We attribute our novel results on the response to stress to a general reduced proinflammatory state in LPL-fed fish.…”

“…Finally, other upregulated DEPs occurred in several linked pathways related to protein synthesis, such as mRNA maturation, protein translation, protein location, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of newly formed proteins. Among the 119 downregulated DEPs obtained in the intestine, only the proteins (54) clustering in "cellular component organization" (Figure 3B, PPI-enrichment p-value = 6.9 × 10 −4 ) were grouped in a subsequent interactome with relevant biological processes affected (Figure 5). For instance, there were 19 proteins clustered in the "response to stress" (GO:0006950), 7 in the "viral process" (GO:0016032), and 4 in "type I interferon signaling pathway" (GO:0060337), some of them belonging to two of these clusters and one to all.…”

“…Similar to that observed in the intestine, several DEPs were susceptible to post-translational modifications: 103 DEPs could be phosphorylated (KW-0597) and 72 DEPs could be acetylated (KW-007), indicating a possible involvement of dietary LPLs in these pathways. Among the 119 downregulated DEPs obtained in the intestine, only the proteins (54) clustering in "cellular component organization" (Figure 3B, PPI-enrichment p-value = 6.9 × 10 −4 ) were grouped in a subsequent interactome with relevant biological processes affected (Figure 5). For instance, there were 19 proteins clustered in the "response to stress" (GO:0006950), 7 in the "viral process" (GO:0016032), and 4 in "type I interferon signaling pathway" (GO:0060337), some of them belonging to two of these clusters and one The rest of the DEPs downregulated in the intestine by dietary LPLs did not cluster further subgroup using the information available.…”

Comparison of Lysophospholipids and Bile Acids on the Growth Performance, Lipid Deposition, and Intestinal Health of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

“…In addition, 400 mg/kg dietary LPLs supplementation could promote the growth performance, improve hepatic lipid metabolism, and alleviate inflammation response in juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) [14]. A previous study found that supplementation with 1 g/kg LPLs in low-protein (crude protein: 52.46%, crude lipid: 11.36%) or low-lipid (crude protein, 54.43%; crude lipid, 10.19%) diets could increase the activity of intestinal digestive enzymes, enhance the hepatic lipid metabolism, promote protein deposition, and modulate the intestinal flora of largemouth bass [15].…”

Effect of in Ova Injection of Lysophospholipid in Hatching Traits, Chick’s Quality, and Chicks Physical Traits of Broiler (Ross 308)

“…Moreover, LPL changes cell membrane permeability and expands membranous pores in intestinal cell membranes, causing a greater flux of small and large molecules of digested nutrients across the cell membrane (Lundbaek et al, 2010;Arouri and Mouritsen, 2013) and phospholipids also contribute it is rapidly degraded as part of the energy requirements of intestinal cells and reduces their damage, therefore expanding the crypts' depth as well as villi length and width, which improves intestinal health (Skoura and Hla, 2009;Boontiam et al, 2017). Solbi et al (2021) and Lu et al (2022) noted that adding rapidly decomposing phosphorous fats to the broiler diet improved the productive performance of birds. The current study sought to illustrate the impact of early feeding at varying concentrations of LPL on the phenotypic and physical traits of the hatched chicks, as well as the hatching characteristics.…”