Effects of marathon race on selected myokines and sclerostin in middle-aged male amateur runners

Abstract

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the homeostatic response to extreme exercises, especially in the integrated function of muscle and bone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a marathon race on selected myokines and sclerostin in 10 male recreational runners (mean age 41 ± 7.7 years). Body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and the serum concentration of myostatin, irisin, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), high-sensitivity interleukin-6 (hsIL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and myoglobin, were determined 24 h before and 24 h and 72 h after a marathon race. Post-marathon increases were observed in the levels of myostatin (1.2-fold), OPG (1.5-fold), and PTH (1.3-fold), hsIL-6 (1.9-fold), myoglobin (4.1-fold), hsCRP (fivefold), TNFα (2.6-fold), after 24 h; and in myostatin (1.2-fold), irisin (1.1-fold), sclerostin (1.3-fold), OPG (1.3-fold), and PTH (1.4-fold), hsIL-6 (1.4-fold), TNFα (1.9-fold), after 72 h compared to the baseline level. The results show that in response to the marathon run, a complex network of endocrine interactions is initiated. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term impact of prolonged high intensity exercise on the human body.

Soluble Interleukin-6 Receptor Regulates Interleukin-6-Dependent Vascular Remodeling in Long-Distance Runners

“…In that context, other myokines have been described to be increased after running a marathon. Increases in the levels of myostatin, irisin, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin, IL-8 and IL-10 have been described (Santos et al, 2020;Sliwicka et al, 2021). Moreover, other myokines, such as IL-8 and IL-15, are also increased after exercise (Pedersen and Febbraio, 2008).…”

Sclerostin and bone remodeling biomarkers responses to whole-body cryotherapy (− 110 °C) in healthy young men with different physical fitness levels

“…A comparable increase of sclerostin levels was observed after mechanical stimulation (about 40 min resistance exercise or walking) by Gombos et al 32 . It should be noted that studies carried out in recent years indicate that mostly long lasting mechanical stress can play a role in regulating sclerostin levels 33 and, probably, acute exercise may exert this effect but only when long-lasting and high-intensity 34 , 35 . However, recent studies have shown that circulating sclerostin levels may be altered, not only in response to systemic mechanical stimuli, but also by hormonal stimuli in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions 23 .…”

Irisin, Fibroplast Growth Factor-21, and Follistatin Responses to Endurance Rowing Training Session in Female Rowers

“…It has been argued that for circulating irisin concentration to increase, the acute exercise parameters should induce relatively high blood lactate production in athletes (Kabasakalis et al, 2020). The biological role of irisin as a moderator of energy metabolism in response to acute exercise still remains not fully elucidated (Fatouros, 2018;Sliwicka et al, 2021), although irisin is considered to be a factor regulating muscle adaptation, including stimulation of glucose uptake and lipid metabolism (Arhire et al, 2019;Lee and Jun, 2019;Jaworska et al, 2021). Typically, previous studies have reported increases in irisin concentrations immediately after different acute exercises with the effect being independent of the mode of exercise session (i.e., running or cycling) in healthy men (Daskalopoulou et al, 2014;Huh et al, 2014;Fatouros, 2018;Qiu et al, 2018), and a meta-analysis showed that the mean magnitude of post-exercise increase in irisin concentration across studies is around 15% in non-athletic individuals (Fox et al, 2017).…”

“…Various myokines have been suggested to mediate exerciseinduced energy expenditure (EE; He et al, 2018He et al, , 2019, besides the most investigated and well known myokine, IL-6 (Rämson et al, 2008;Ives et al, 2011;Jürimäe et al, 2011;Kirk et al, 2020). These myokines include myostatin (Sliwicka et al, 2021), follistatin (Perakakis et al, 2018), irisin (Qiu et al, 2018), and fibroplast growth factor-21 (FGF-21;Larsen et al, 2020) that have recently emerged as potential mediators of exercise-induced energy metabolism in physically active individuals. Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor β family of cytokines and the first described peripheral signal from muscle tissue to fulfill the criteria of a myokine (He et al, 2018), is a negative regulator of muscle mass (Kirk et al, 2020).…”

“…FGF-21 has also been proposed as a myokine with metabolic effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and promoting body FM loss and WAT browning (Kirk et al, 2020;Khalafi et al, 2021). Recent studies have demonstrated that acute aerobic exercise sessions with different duration could be positively associated with increased circulating irisin (Qiu et al, 2018;Sliwicka et al, 2021), FGF-21 (Larsen et al, 2020;Khalafi et al, 2021), and follistatin (Perakakis et al, 2018;He et al, 2019) concentrations in individuals with different physical activity levels. However, it has also been suggested that acute exercise sessions represent potential influence for the myokine releases only when they are characterized by adequate intensity and/or stimuli of exercise (Fatouros, 2018;He et al, 2019).…”