“…The advantages of A d * mainly include its capability of characterizing both constraints and its independences on load, material properties, and strength mismatch. These advantages facilitate developing A d * solutions for cracked structures (including welded structures), establishing the correlation between fracture properties of materials and A d *, and engineering application of A d * 40,41,50,51 . By using Equation (4), the A d * value can be calculated.…”