Effects of maternal food restriction on physical growth and neurobehavior in newborn Wistar rats

Programming the brain: Common outcomes and gaps in knowledge from animal studies of IUGR

“…Fetal amino acids ↑↓ [200] = protein [82] Gestation length = [79,87] = [89] =/↓ [124] ↓3-16 [122,125] = [135,139,141] ↓2.2 days [134] …”

“…= [214] ↓4-23% [79,87,88,[93][94][95][96] = [201,215] ↓7-52% [91,92,[97][98][99][100][101]216] ↓9.5-14% [83,89] = [84] ↓[128, 129,131,146] ↓8-40% [99,112,114,115,160,203,217,218] ↓36-42% [145,162] ↓18-44% [102, 116-118, 163, 212] ↓42-48% [122,124,125] ↓17-28% [132,[134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141] Brain size = [214] ↓cerebrum, 11% [79] ↓11-66% [90,…”

“…There is also considerable variability in the length, degree and timing of nutritional restriction 151 between studies [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88], with some studies restricting throughout gestation or the entire length of 152 pregnancy studied [79,82,86,89], whilst others may only restrict during part of gestation [80,83,153 84, 88], or extend maternal nutrient restriction into lactation [85,87]. The patterns of restriction in 154 these models also differ from that in human IUGR due to placental insufficiency, which 155 progressively worsens during pregnancy [ Figure 2,14].…”

“…Differing types of nutrient restriction have 156 been utilised, particularly in rats, with some restricting dietary protein, while others impose global nutrient restriction accounts in part for variable reductions in birth weight (Table 2). These range 159 from 4 to 34% in progeny of globally nutrient-restricted rats [79,87,88,[93][94][95][96], whilst more severe 160 restriction is seen in models of maternal protein restriction, with 7 to 52% reduction in birth weight 161 in progeny [91,92,[97][98][99][100][101]. The reported decrease in birth weight following the levels of maternal 162 nutrient restriction used in neurodevelopmental studies in sheep and rabbits is milder ranging from 163 9.5% to 17.5% [83,89,102,103].…”

Human Milk: An Ecologically Functional Food

“…The relationship between the components of human milk and the maternal pathophysiological characteristics is a matter of debate. Some studies have suggested that maternal characteristics cause variations in the components of colostrum and milk, whereas others have reported that these changes in milk composition are caused by nutritional and disease maternal status (AAP, 2005, Zhanga et al, 2010. Studies have attempted to elucidate the effects of lactation on maternal glucose metabolism.…”