Effects of Maternal Nicotine Exposure during Lactation on Breast-Fed Rat Pups

Abstract

Background: Nicotine is known to be associated with adverse effects in infants and children. It is concentrated in breast milk and is absorbed by the infant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on breast-fed rat pups of maternal nicotine exposure during lactation. Methods: In the experimental group (n = 6), nicotine was given to lactating dams (2 mg/kg/day) after delivery and continued for 10 days during lactation. Control animals (n = 4) received saline for the same duration. The suckling rats were weighed and killed on postnatal day 10, and samples were taken from the lung, liver, kidney, spleen and small intestine for histopathological examination. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the liver of the dam and the offspring. Results: Histopathological changes in the liver of the nicotine-exposed group showed portal inflammatory infiltrate, ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, and focal necrosis in the parenchyma. Thickening of alveolar walls because of interstitial inflammation was noted in the lungs. Histopathological examination of kidney, spleen and small intestine tissue did not reveal any abnormality. In the experimental group, SOD and CAT activities were significantly decreased (p <0.001) but MDA levels were significantly increased (p <0.001) compared with the control group. Conclusion: These results indicate that maternal nicotine exposure induces oxidative stress and causes detrimental histopathological changes in the lung and liver of lactating offspring.

Effects of Exogenous Selenium on Nicotine-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

“…This is in accordance with the reports that cigarette smoking results in decreased activities of scavenging enzymes and an inhibition of the enzyme glutathione reductase [24,25]. Supplementation of selenium enhanced the activity of scavenging antioxidant enzymes [26].…”

Role of vitamin C and selenium in attenuation of nicotine induced oxidative stress, P53 and Bcl2 expression in adult rat spleen

“…This is in accordance with the reports that cigarette smoking results in decreased activities of scavenging enzymes [29,12]. Kalpana and Menon [21] have suggested that superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide are the main source of nicotine induced free radical production depleting the cellular antioxidants.…”

Impact of Maternal Smoking on Birth Size: Effect of Parity and Sex Dimorphism

“…The toxic effect of maternal exposure to tobacco smoke on the fetal metabolic status is indicated by the significant disturbance of the antioxidant status in newborns exposed in utero to tobacco smoke [7] . Also, induction of oxidative stress and detrimental histopathological changes have been observed in the lungs and liver of breast-fed rat pups whose mothers were exposed to nicotine [8] .…”