Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth

Rehfeldt, Charlotte; Nissen, P. M.; Kuhn, Gerda; Vestergaard, Mogens; Ender, K.; Oksbjerg, Niels

doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.06.005

Cited by 74 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…[7]). Global NR during pregnancy at levels similar to that in our study [17,18], and even more extreme restriction [19], has been extensively studied in sheep, pigs, and rats [17][18][19][20]. The IGF system within the placenta and several fetal organs has been shown to respond to both global and other forms of NR during pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

The IGF Axis in Baboon Pregnancy: Placental and Systemic Responses to Feeding 70% Global Ad Libitum Diet

Li¹,

Levitz²,

Hubbard³

et al. 2007

Placenta

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Information on the influence of poor maternal nutrition on the regulation of responses to pregnancy, placental and fetal growth and development is critical to a better understanding of pregnancy physiology and pathophysiology. We determined normal changes and effects of controlled and monitored moderate nutrient restriction (NR) (global nutrient intake reduced to 70% of food consumed by mothers feeding ad libitum from 0.16 to 0.5 of gestation) in the baboon, on important hematological, biochemical, and hormonal indices of fetal growth and placental function. Serum IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio was lower in pregnant than control non-pregnant baboons feeding ad libitum. Serum concentrations of total and free IGF-I were decreased in NR mothers compared with controls (p < 0.05). The decrease in fetal IGF-I did not reach significance (p = 0.057). Serum IGF-I: IGFBP-3 ratio was decreased by NR in both mothers and fetuses. Maternal serum IGF-II was unchanged by NR. Placental IGF-I mRNA and protein abundance were similarly reduced whereas IGF-II mRNA increased in placental tissue of NR compared to control mothers. Systemic (maternal) and local (placental) IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein abundance were unchanged by NR. Type 1 IGF receptor protein in the syncytiotrophoblast increased in NR. Type 2 IGF receptor protein was present in the stem villi core, and decreased after NR. We conclude that moderate NR in this important non-human primate model significantly disrupts the maternal and placental IGF-IGFBP axis and influences placental expression of this key system at the gene and protein level. Changes observed appear to be directed toward preserving placental growth.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

The IGF Axis in Baboon Pregnancy: Placental and Systemic Responses to Feeding 70% Global Ad Libitum Diet

Li¹,

Levitz²,

Hubbard³

et al. 2007

Placenta

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“…and Stickland, 1983;Rehfeldt et al, 2004;Gondret et al, 2006). This often results in a reduced TNF with a larger cross-sectional area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental programming of skeletal muscle phenotype/metabolism

Markham

Latorre

Lawlor

et al. 2009

Animal

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Skeletal muscle is a highly dynamic and malleable tissue that is able to adapt to different stimuli placed upon it, both during gestation and after birth, ultimately resulting in anatomical changes to muscle fibre composition. Variation in nutrient supply throughout gestation is common, whether in livestock or in the human. The specific effects of maternal nutrition on foetal development are at the forefront of scientific research. However, results describing how different maternal feeding strategies affect skeletal muscle fibre development in the offspring are not fully consistent, even where the same time windows during gestation have been examined. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of increased maternal nutrition (above the recommended levels) on the Musculus semitendinosus phenotype of progeny. In all, 24 pregnant sows were assigned to one of four feeding regimes during gestation; T1 (control group): 30 MJ digestible energy per day (MJ DE/day) throughout gestation, T2: same as that for T1 but increased to 60 MJ DE/day from 25 to 50 days of gestation (dg), T3: same as that for T1 but increased to 60 MJ DE/day from 50 to 80 dg, T4: same as that for T1 but increased nutrition to 60 MJ DE/day from 25 to 80 dg. Light-and heavy-weight littermate pairs of the same sex were selected at birth and individually fed to slaughter (c. 158 days). Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining were used to identify the predominantly oxidative (deep) and less oxidative (superficial) regions of the M. semitendinosus, and to determine total fibre number and proportions of fibre types. The results demonstrate that increased maternal nutrition alters skeletal muscle phenotype in the offspring by changing fibre-type proportions, leading to an increased oxidative capacity due to an increase in Type IIA fibres. No change in total muscle area, total muscle fibre number, or fibre cross-sectional area is observed. The precise molecular mechanism(s) by which these findings occur is being investigated.

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“…One possible common factor within all these studies would be changes in energy metabolism and availability for growth processes, particularly cell proliferation. The partitioning of energy to the gravid uterus is complex but involves the indirect action of the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis (Bauer et al, 1998;Gluckman and Pinal, 2003;Rehfeldt et al, 2004b).…”

Section: Critical Timings and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In agreement, there was no effect of maternal nutrition on the ability of foetal serum to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts in vitro. When pregnant sows were administered GH during early gestation, which stimulated myofibre formation mainly in the small littermates, more glucose became directly available to the foetus (Rehfeldt et al, 2004b). The increase in maternal IGF-I in response to maternal overfeeding is obviously not high enough to increase placental efficiency and thereby to act positively on myogenesis.…”

Section: Consequences Of Maternal Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in research on the prenatal development of skeletal muscle in animals in relation to the quality of muscle-based food. I. Regulation of myogenesis and environmental impact

Rehfeldt

Pas

Wimmers

et al. 2011

Animal

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Skeletal muscle development in vertebrates – also termed myogenesis – is a highly integrated process. Evidence to date indicates that the processes are very similar across mammals, poultry and fish, although the timings of the various steps differ considerably. Myogenesis is regulated by the myogenic regulatory factors and consists of two to three distinct phases when different fibre populations appear. The critical times when myogenesis is prone to hormonal or environmental influences depend largely on the developmental stage. One of the main mechanisms for both genetic and environmental effects on muscle fibre development is via the direct action of the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor (GH–IGF) axis. In mammals and poultry, postnatal growth and function of muscles relate mainly to the hypertrophy of the fibres formed during myogenesis and to their fibre-type composition in terms of metabolic and contractile properties, whereas in fish hyperplasia still plays a major role. Candidate genes that are important in skeletal muscle development, for instance, encode for IGFs and IGF-binding proteins, myosin heavy chain isoforms, troponin T, myosin light chain and others have been identified. In mammals, nutritional supply in utero affects myogenesis and the GH–IGF axis may have an indirect action through the partitioning of nutrients towards the gravid uterus. Impaired myogenesis resulting in low skeletal myofibre numbers is considered one of the main reasons for negative long-term consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. Severe undernutrition in utero due to natural variation in litter or twin-bearing species or insufficient maternal nutrient supply may impair myogenesis and adversely affect carcass quality later in terms of reduced lean and increased fat deposition in the progeny. On the other hand, increases in maternal feed intake above standard requirement seem to have no beneficial effects on the growth of the progeny with myogenesis not or only slightly affected. Initial studies on low and high maternal protein feeding are published. Although there are only a few studies, first results also reveal an influence of nutrition on skeletal muscle development in fish and poultry. Finally, environmental temperature has been identified as a critical factor for growth and development of skeletal muscle in both fish and poultry.

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Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth

Cited by 74 publications

References 43 publications

The IGF Axis in Baboon Pregnancy: Placental and Systemic Responses to Feeding 70% Global Ad Libitum Diet

The IGF Axis in Baboon Pregnancy: Placental and Systemic Responses to Feeding 70% Global Ad Libitum Diet

Developmental programming of skeletal muscle phenotype/metabolism

Advances in research on the prenatal development of skeletal muscle in animals in relation to the quality of muscle-based food. I. Regulation of myogenesis and environmental impact

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