Effects of maternal undernutrition upon thenewborn infant in Holland (1944–1945)

Smith, Clement A.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(47)80158-1

Cited by 393 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…During famine, however, there is no change in milk protein concentration (13)(14). In the present longitudinal study over a period of 18 months, food intake, nutritional status and milk composition of the mothers as well as milk intake, supplementary food intake and anthropometrical measurements of the infants have been assessed at 3 monthly intervals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Maternal Diet, Breast Feeding and Infants' Growth: A fieldstudy in the Ivory Coast (West Africa)

Reinhardt¹,

Lauber²

1981

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics

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Four mothers and their infants living in a rural village of the Ivory Coast were studied for maternal diet, breast milk composition and volume and infants' growth over an 18 months' period. Two of the mothers were young, had a low calorie intake and gave little supplementary nourishment to their infants; these infants had an unsatisfactory growth pattern. Two mothers were middle-aged, had a satisfactory calorie intake and their infants thrived well on breast milk alone for the first 6 months. Supplements were introduced by those mothers after their infant was 6 months old which provided adequate energy and protein intake and had a beneficial effect on the growth of the infants.Detailed biochemical analyses of diets and breast milk have been performed and dietary allowances are discussed in the light of the present results. Despite important differences in dietary intake the milks produced by the four mothers showed no significant differences in biochemical composition. The mothers with low calorie and low protein intake produced however smaller quantities of breast milk when the infants were 4 to 7 months old.Since breast milk provides a substantial amount of protein and calories for the infants even in late lactation, the implication with regard to adequate growth of the infants is to provide adequate dietary AcknowledgementsWe thank Georges N'zi, Ba Samba Sylla, Kouakou

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Maternal Diet, Breast Feeding and Infants' Growth: A fieldstudy in the Ivory Coast (West Africa)

Reinhardt¹,

Lauber²

1981

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics

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“…Embryonic growth retardation has been attributed to many factors, including metabolic defects (lo), malnutrition of fetal and maternal origin (20,24,25,32), congenital anomalies (3,21), and infection (1, 2, 26). Under normal conditions the embryo grows as the population and size of cells increase.…”

Section: Extractmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological and Biochemical Pathogenesis of Mumps Virus-induced Embryonic Growth Retardation

Yamauchi

Geme

et al. 1975

Pediatr Res

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ExtractGrowth retardation in the mumps virus-infected chicken model is not due to a reduction in cell number but appears to Embryonic mumps virus infection in the avian host leads to be caused by a diminution in cell size. fetal growth retardation. The mechanism of this retardation has not been established.The avian host is unique in that the direct effect of a virus Speculation On the may be ascertained in the absence of a The relation between embryonic mumps virus infection and placenta.myocarditis is supported by the findings of high titers of virus Using radioisotope labeling techniques, RNA, and throughout the incubation period. It is postulated that altered protein metabolism was investigated in tissues from infected cardiac function results in a state of hypofusion and a and control chickens. Metabolism in organ tissue cultivated in preferential effect is seen in the brain with consequent vitro and then infected was also studied using the same diminution of cell size rather than cell radioisotope techniques.At hatch, the mean body weight of eight experimental chickens infected with mumps virus early during embryonic incubation was significantly less than that of 19 controls. This lower weight was evident in the brain of the infected chickens. The brain and carcass contained decreased amounts of RNA and protein when compared with uninfected control chickens. The kidney was the only other organ in which the protein content in experimental chickens was less than in controls.There was no difference in the DNA content of organs from in ovo-infected and control chickens or organ tissues cultivated in vitro before infection with mumps virus. Similarly, measurements of cell number at the same time were equal. Viral assay of the chickens infected in ovo revealed highest titers of virus in the heart throughout the last half of incubation. Intermediate titers of virus were recovered from 'the lung, spleen, and skeletal muscle. Low quantities of virus were recovered from the brain and liver. The bursa contained high titers of virus at midincubatio~ but these titers rapidly declined by hatch.Embryonic growth retardation has been attributed to many factors, including metabolic defects (lo), malnutrition of fetal and maternal origin (20, 24, 25, 32), congenital anomalies (3, 21), and infection (1,2,26). Under normal conditions the embryo grows as the population and size of cells increase. Conditions which impair either cellular variable will result in growth retardation. Several experimental models of fetal growth retardation in the mammal have been particularly illuminating. Wigglesworth (3 1 ) and Emmanouilides e t al. (9) ligated the uterine and umbilical arteries of the rat and sheep, respectively, producing placental insufficiency which resulted in fetal growth retardation.The avian model offers the opportunity for unique experimentation in that the direct effect of a virus on the chicken embryo may be ascertained in the absence of a placenta. Previous work has demonstrated that mumps virus infection during early ...

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“…In the less well controlled war-time food crises, striking diminutions in birth size have been observed. For example, the undernutrition in northwest Holland during the war winter of 1944-45 was severe enough to interfere with the prenatal growth of infants born during that period (Smith 1954). Congenital malformations, which appear irregularly in normal times, were so slightly increased as to be inconclusive in the few conceptions occurring at the worst stage of the undernutrition.…”

Section: Nutrition and Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Nutritional Stress in Man

Newman¹

1962

American Anthropologist

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EYOND the quite considerable metabolic tolerance of man to dietary in-B adequacies lie extreme conditions of nutritional stress where health and physical status may be affected from prenatal life onward. Through either starvation or acute shortage of essential nutrients, severe nutritional stress may result in death, especially in the young. When less severe, it retards physical development, reduces vitality, and increases susceptibility to most infectious diseases. Nutritional stresses in man are clearly a reflection of his ecology, culture, and biology. The ecological factors of particular importance in this regard are the direct effect of climate upon dietary needs, the disease environment that must be endured, and the food producing potential of the living area. Cultural factors are reflected principally in food producing technologies, food preparation, differential distribution to the people, and food habits. Biological factors of major import are population dynamics and the degree of acclimatization and adaptation to stress conditions. All these factors focus upon man's food intake, which in fair measure determine who thrives and propagates and who does not in this rapidly changing world. CLIMATE AND NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTSQuite apart from matters of food supply, the climate where humans reside has a direct bearing on their nutritional requirements. In cold climates, as Mitchell and Edman (1951: 17-20) have shown, caloric needs are increased to help keep the body warm and allow for extra energy expenditures such as imposed by the hobbling effect of heavy clothing. In man there is a linear

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Effects of maternal undernutrition upon thenewborn infant in Holland (1944–1945)

Cited by 393 publications

References 13 publications

Maternal Diet, Breast Feeding and Infants' Growth: A fieldstudy in the Ivory Coast (West Africa)

Maternal Diet, Breast Feeding and Infants' Growth: A fieldstudy in the Ivory Coast (West Africa)

The Biological and Biochemical Pathogenesis of Mumps Virus-induced Embryonic Growth Retardation

Ecology and Nutritional Stress in Man

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