Effects of microwaving human milk: Changes in IgA content and bacterial count

Sigman, Mark; Burke, Kenneth I.; Swarner, O W; Shavlik, Gerald W.

doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)02229-x

Cited by 24 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…We found that 100 ml of milk in a 160 ml bottle could be microwave heated at 500 W for 60 s without any serious temperature changes. It has been widely believed that microwaves should not be used for HM because microwave heating results in decreased bioactive properties, including SIgA in HM (Sigman et al, 1989), as well as in variations of temperature in HM, leading to hot spots. However, several researchers have reported contradictory results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Heating of Human Milk With Direct Temperature Monitoring

et al. 2021

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Background: Microwave heating can be effective in preventing cytomegalovirus infection transmitted via human milk. Temperature changes during microwaving using different containers, in different areas inside a container, or using milk from different mothers are not well studied. Research Aim: To determine temperature changes of human milk during microwaving using different containers, in different container areas, using different human milk, and in a 30-ml soft polypropylene bag (sachet) immersed in water. Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, human milk (100 ml) was poured into six different bottles. The temperature was monitored simultaneously at each bottle’s bottom and surface (microwaving at 600 W) and at nine places inside the container (microwaving at 500 W). Human milk (20 ml) from six participants was inserted into a sachet, then immersed in 80 ml of human milk or water in a bottle, and the temperatures inside and outside the sachet during microwaving (at 500 W) were monitored. Results: The temperature changes at the surface were significantly larger than those at the bottom. Temperatures at the bottoms of different bottles, of human milk from different participants, or inside and outside the sachet, did not differ significantly. No temperature outliers inside the bottle were observed. Conclusion: Microwaving at 500 W and 600 W for 60 s was not significantly different in temperature changes among different areas inside bottles or among milk from different participants. A small volume of human milk (up to 100 mL) can be heated using a sachet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Heating of Human Milk With Direct Temperature Monitoring

et al. 2021

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“…Almost all international procedural guidelines forbid using household microwaves to defrost or heat-treat HM. This advice is mainly based on two studies that showed how using a household microwave to treat HM caused degradation of IgA and lysozyme and a quicker development of E. coli ( 83 , 84 ). However, the methodology employed in these articles have been called into doubt ( 85 ) and a growing number of papers demonstrate that this technique is more harmless than previously believed ( 86–93 ).…”

Section: Other New Advanced Technologies Of Hm Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks

Moro,

Girard,

Peila

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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Infectious and toxicological risks are the main potential hazards that operators of Human Milk Banks (HMBs) encounter and must eliminate. HMBs are trying to implement procedures that allow to manage and sanitize human milk without altering significantly its nutritional and biologically protective components, obtaining a product characterized by a valid balance between safety and biological quality. The history of human milk processing is linked to the origins of HMBs themselves. And although other forms of sterilization were used originally, pasteurization soon became the recognized most effective means for sanitizing milk: all the milk that arrives at the HMB must be pasteurized. Holder pasteurization (HoP) is the most used methodology, and it is performed using low temperature and long time (+62.5°C for 30 min). With HoP some bioactive milk components are lost to varying degrees, but many other precious bioactive compounds are completely or partially preserved. To improve the quality of human milk processed by HMBs, maintaining in the meantime the same microbiological safety offered by HoP, new technologies are under evaluation. At present, High-Temperature Short-Time pasteurization (HTST) and High-Pressure Processing are the most studied methodologies. HTST is already utilized in some HMBs for daily practical activity and for research purposes. They seem to be superior to HoP for a better preservation of some nutritional and biologically protective components. Freeze-drying or lyophilization may have advantages for room temperature storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advancement regarding the processing of DHM with a literature search from 2019 to 2022. The effects of the new technologies on safety and quality of human milk are presented and discussed. The new technologies should assure microbiological safety of the final product at least at the same level as optimized HoP, with an improved preservation of the nutritional and bioactive components of raw human milk.

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“…Human milk should never be thawed in a microwave as this can reduce the immunoglobulin A (IgA) content. 75 Also, HM should not be refrozen after being thawed as this increases the hydrolysis of the triglycerides in the milk. 65 While bringing to room temperature, it should be gently agitated to make a homogenous mixture before use.…”

Section: Disbursalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment of the First Religiously-compliant Human Milk Bank in Bangladesh

Maheshwari¹,

Shahidullah²,

Rahman³

et al. 2022

Newborn

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Human milk banks (HMBs) collect, screen, process, and dispense donated human milk (HM). There are more than 500 large HMBs in the world but only a few are functioning in Muslim countries, and that too on a limited scale. Human milk banks that are similar to those in the Western countries have been difficult to establish in Muslim countries as Islamic laws do not allow the consumption of unidentified donated milk from multiple donors. Human milk is known to be important for nutrition in premature and critically ill infants, and so there is a well-recognized need to develop religiously compliant and conditionally identified HMBs in Muslim countries. In these milk banks, every mother's milk is processed and stored separately, and the milk provided by one mother can be provided to an infant from a different family only after appropriately counseling both families about the Islamic laws of prohibition of future marriages between milk siblings. Documents related to these issues are provided to both families and data need to be maintained for future reference. In this article, we recount the educational, financial, and infrastructural challenges that we faced in establishing religiously-compliant HMB in Bangladesh. There is already a noticeable reduction in infant mortality in our region.

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Effects of microwaving human milk: Changes in IgA content and bacterial count

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Microwave Heating of Human Milk With Direct Temperature Monitoring

Microwave Heating of Human Milk With Direct Temperature Monitoring

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks

Establishment of the First Religiously-compliant Human Milk Bank in Bangladesh

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