The present study focused on the experimental evaluation
of the
effect of mineralogy in oil upgrading under two hybrid steam injection
technologies. The tests were carried out in a batch reactor, using
iron naphthenate as the catalyst and flue gas. The physical changes
of the crude were evaluated by density and viscosity measurements,
while the variations of the crude molecular structure were quantified
using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The results
showed that for the technique with catalyst, the scenario with the
highest proportion of clay increased the API gravity by 27% and reduced
the crude viscosity by 39%. The additional upgrading was the result
of mineral presence with a contribution of 13% due to H2 production and the inhibition of polymerization. Additionally, the
presence of the mineral phase with flue gas in the system reverses
some of the subprocesses of the aquathermolysis reactions that favor
the improvement of the crude. For this hybrid technique, the best
scenario was achieved in the absence of the mineral phase with an
increase of 10% in API gravity and a reduction of 41% in viscosity
concerning the base crude as a product of the flue gas mechanisms.
The changes in the physical properties can be correlated with the
modifications in the chemical structure of the crude oil. These changes
were a result of dealkylation, hydrogenation, and condensation reactions,
evidenced by the variation of average molecular parameters, obtained
by 1H NMR, such as the aromaticity factor and the number of substituted
rings.