Effects of Mixture Distribution on the Structure and Propagation of Turbulent Stratified Slot-Jet Flames

Abstract

The influence of mixture stratification on the development of turbulent flames in a slot-jet configuration has been analysed using Direct Numerical Simulation data. Mixture stratification was imposed at the inlet by varying the equivalence ratio between 0.6 and 1.0 with different alignments to the reaction progress variable gradient: aligned gradients (back-supported), opposed gradients (front-supported) and misaligned gradients. An additional premixed case with a global equivalence ratio of 0.8 was simulated for comparison. The flame is shortest for the front-supported case, followed by the premixed flame, with the back-supported and misaligned gradient flames being the tallest and of comparable size. This behaviour has been explained in terms of the variations of the mean equivalence ratio within the flame and the volume-integrated reaction rate in the streamwise direction. The difference in mixture composition for these cases results in significant variations in the burning rate, flame area, flame wrinkling and flame brush thickness in the streamwise direction. The globally front-supported case has the highest volume-integrated burning rate and flame area, while the back-supported case has the lowest. The misaligned scalar gradient case exhibits qualitatively similar behaviour to that of the globally back-supported case. The burning intensity is unity for a major part of the flame length but assumes values greater than unity towards the flame tip where the effects of flame curvature become strong. All cases predominantly exhibit the premixed mode of combustion within the flamelet regime, so flamelet assumption-based reaction rate closures, originally proposed for premixed combustion, were evaluated using a priori analysis. The terms which require improved closures have been identified and existing closures have been improved where necessary. It was found that the global nature of mixture stratification does not influence the performance of the mean reaction rate closures or the parameterisation of marginal probability density functions of scalars in turbulent stratified mixture combustion.

Implications of Using Scalar Forcing to Sustain Reactant Mixture Stratification in Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Combustion

“…Lipatnikov [14] and Domingo et al [15] provided an extensive review of experimental and numerical findings of stratified-mixture combustion. High-performance computing has enabled DNS of stratified-mixture combustion [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][16][17][18][19], and the vast majority of these studies have been conducted for statistically planar flames in canonical 'flame-in-a-box' configuration [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Richardson and Chen [16] and Brearley et al [19] analysed turbulent stratified-mixture combustion using three-dimensional DNS to analyse the effects of the relative alignments of equivalence ratio and reaction progress variable gradients on the global behaviours of burning, flame propagation rate and flame surface area and their modelling implications.…”

“…High-performance computing has enabled DNS of stratified-mixture combustion [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][16][17][18][19], and the vast majority of these studies have been conducted for statistically planar flames in canonical 'flame-in-a-box' configuration [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Richardson and Chen [16] and Brearley et al [19] analysed turbulent stratified-mixture combustion using three-dimensional DNS to analyse the effects of the relative alignments of equivalence ratio and reaction progress variable gradients on the global behaviours of burning, flame propagation rate and flame surface area and their modelling implications. Proch et al [17] and Inanc et al [18] carried out flame-resolved three-dimensional high-fidelity simulations of turbulent stratified-mixture combustion of a laboratory-scale configuration used in experiments by Barlow et al [20] and Sweeney et al [21,22].…”

“…Proch et al [17] and Inanc et al [18] carried out flame-resolved three-dimensional high-fidelity simulations of turbulent stratified-mixture combustion of a laboratory-scale configuration used in experiments by Barlow et al [20] and Sweeney et al [21,22]. The aforementioned DNS analyses on turbulent stratified-mixture combustion offered fundamental physical information on the stratified flame structure [1][2][3]5,8,13,16,18,19] and flame propagation rate [4,12,16,18]. This information was subsequently utilised to develop closure methodologies for scalar variances and co-variances [3,5,11], turbulent scalar flux [9], flame surface density [10,19], and scalar dissipation and cross-scalar dissipation rates [7,8,13].…”

“…The aforementioned DNS analyses on turbulent stratified-mixture combustion offered fundamental physical information on the stratified flame structure [1][2][3]5,8,13,16,18,19] and flame propagation rate [4,12,16,18]. This information was subsequently utilised to develop closure methodologies for scalar variances and co-variances [3,5,11], turbulent scalar flux [9], flame surface density [10,19], and scalar dissipation and cross-scalar dissipation rates [7,8,13].…”