Effects of Modern Forest Management on Winter Grazing Resources for Reindeer in Sweden

Kivinen, Sonja; Moen, Jon; Berg, Anna; Eriksson, Åsa

doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0044-1

Cited by 74 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…After the 1950s, selective cutting was replaced by clearcutting (all trees removed in a single harvest), followed by prescribed burning or scarification (topsoil turned over to expose mineral soil). Forestry activity has reduced both terricolous and arboreal lichens, and access of reindeer to pastures has been hampered as a result of tree cutting, site preparation, fertilization, and logging residues, as well as forest fragmentation caused by roads and ditches (Pruitt, 1979;Berg et al, 2008;Kivinen et al, 2010;Jaakkola et al, 2013). For example, in Kuukas the mean coverage of reindeer lichens in sub-xeric heath forests was 5.0% in the period 1976 -77 but only 0.6% in the years 2002 -04 (Mattila, 2006).…”

Section: Reasons For Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past and Present Winter Feeding of Reindeer in Finland: Herders’ Adaptive Learning of Feeding Practices

Turunen¹,

Vuojala-Magga²

2014

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. The research examines reindeer feeding practices and herders' learning of them in three herding co-operatives in Finland: Kuukas in the south, Oraniemi in the central area, and Hammastunturi in the north. In the southern and central co-operatives, from the late 19th century until the Second World War (1939 -45), trees rich in lichens were cut to provide emergency forage. Harvesting lichens from trees and feeding associated with "tether calving" and "fence calving" have been common in the central and northern co-operatives. In the 1960s and 1970s, poor digging conditions resulted in reindeer losses, and pressure to feed reindeer increased further as forestry practices and overgrazing caused pastures to decline. Large-scale feeding entered daily practice in Kuukas and Oraniemi in the late 1980s and mid-1990s. The increased interaction between humans and reindeer brought about by regular feeding has made the animals tamer. In fact, they have adopted the permanent feeding areas as part of their pasture rotation. In Hammastunturi, herders entice reindeer from one pasture to another by providing supplementary forage. Knowledge about feeding developed in close concert with agriculture, and was transferred from south to north in the 1980s and 1990s. We argue that feeding practices draw on traditional ecological knowledge, which includes old ways of herding cattle. Herders' personal working practices and training are knowledge that is difficult to describe in words and must be learned by experience. Learning to feed reindeer requires not only familiarity with herding in practice (which implies profound knowledge about the animals, their nutrition, digestion, behavior, and handling), but also familiarity with the herding district and co-operation across generations.Key words: reindeer herding, winter feeding, lichen, Finland, boreal forest, interview, local knowledge, learning, anthropology, biology, multidisciplinary RÉSUMÉ. Cette étude porte sur les pratiques alimentaires du renne et sur l'apprentissage qu'en font les bergers au sein de trois coopératives de la Finlande : Kuukas dans le sud, Oraniemi dans la région du centre et Hammastunturi dans le nord. Dans les coopératives du sud et du centre, de la fin du XIX e siècle jusqu'à la Seconde Guerre mondiale (1939)(1940)(1941)(1942)(1943)(1944)(1945), on coupait des arbres riches en lichen pour servir de fourrage d'urgence. La récolte du lichen des arbres et l'affouragement lié au «vêlage en laisse» et au «vêlage en enclos» sont courants dans les coopératives du centre et du nord. Dans les années 1960 et 1970, les mauvaises conditions de creusage se sont traduites par la perte de rennes, et la pression exercée pour faire manger les rennes a augmenté au fur et à mesure que les pratiques d'exploitation forestière et le surpâturage ont réduit la taille des pâturages. L'affouragement à grande échelle est devenu monnaie courante au quotidien dans les coopératives de Kuukas et d'Oraniemi vers la fin des années 1980 et le milieu des années 1990. L'interaction accrue e...

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Section: Reasons For Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past and Present Winter Feeding of Reindeer in Finland: Herders’ Adaptive Learning of Feeding Practices

Turunen¹,

Vuojala-Magga²

2014

ARCTIC

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“…Further, the Swedish populations of ungulates, mainly elk (Alces alces) and roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus) increased substantially during the second half of the 20th century raising questions about monitoring of populations (Månsson et al 2011), browsing damages, and forage availability. Further, although reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are domesti cated, improved information related to the interaction between reindeer herding and forestry (Kivinen 2010) was also asked for.…”

Section: In 2003 the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (Ipcc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting National Forest Inventories to changing requirements – the case of the Swedish National Forest Inventory at the turn of the 20th century

Fridman¹,

Holm²,

Nilsson³

et al. 2014

Silva Fenn.

206

162

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• National Forest Inventories supply invaluable long term time series of forest state. Recent developments and international harmonization of modern NFIs widen the scope to even include ecosystem goods, e.g. biodiversity and carbon sequestration. The combination of NFI field data with remote sensing techniques can give good estimates for areas smaller than national and regional level. AbstractNational Forest Inventories (NFIs) are becoming increasingly important worldwide in order to provide information about the multiple functions of forests, e.g. their provision of raw materials to industry, biodiversity and their capacity to store carbon for mitigating climate change. In several countries the history of NFIs is very long. For these countries a specific challenge is to keep the inventories up-to-date without sacrificing the advantages associated with long time series. At the turn of the 20th century European NFIs faced some major challenges. In this article we describe the history and the recent developments of the Swedish NFI as an example from which general observations are made and discussed. The Swedish NFI started in 1923 and has evolved from an inventory with a narrow focus on wood resources to an inventory today which aims to provide information about all major forest ecosystem services. It can be concluded that the traditional approaches of most European NFIs, e.g. to collect data through sample plot field inventories, has proved to be applicable even for a wide range of new information requirements. Specifically, detailed data about land use, trees, vegetation, and soils has found new important uses in connection with biodiversity assessments and the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. Though time-consuming and difficult, making NFI information comparable across countries through harmonization appears to be a useful approach. The European National Forest Inventory Network (ENFIN) was formed in 2003 and has been successful in pan-European NFI harmonization.

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“…In Kivinen et al (2010), the authors state "Ideal winter grazing areas have a high abundance of both ground growing and arboreal lichens that are easily accessible to reindeer". This is also true of the routes the reindeer travel in between their winter and summer grazing areas.…”

Section: Corridor Habitatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Forestry practices have drastically reduced the amount and accessibility of lichen in northern forests, and many studies have concluded that current forest practices have been detrimental to reindeer husbandry (Berg et al 2008, Kivinen et al 2010 Specifically, short rotations, soil scarification and dense stands negatively impact lichen presence and accessibility in the forest. Additionally, shortened rotations have reduced the amount of old growth forest in which arboreal lichen grows (Esseen et al 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Combining spatiotemporal corridor design for reindeer migration with harvest scheduling in Northern Sweden

John

Öhman

Tóth

et al. 2016

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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Reindeer husbandry and commercial forestry seek to co-exist in the forests of Northern Sweden. As interwoven as the two industries are, conflicts have arisen. Forest practices have reduced the distribution of lichen, the main winter diet for reindeer. Forest practices have also increased forest density, compromising the animals' ability to pass through forested areas on their migration routes. In an attempt to reduce impacts on reindeer husbandry, we present a spatially explicit harvest scheduling model that includes reindeer corridors with user-defined spatial characteristics. We illustrate the model in a case study and explore the relationship between timber revenues and the selection and maintenance of reindeer corridors. The corridors are not only to include sufficient lichen habitat, but they are also supposed to ensure access for reindeer by connecting lichen areas with linkages that allow unobstructed travel. Since harvest scheduling occurs over a planning horizon, the spatial configuration of corridors can change from one time period to the next in order to accommodate harvesting activities. Our results suggest that maintaining reindeer corridors in harvest scheduling can be done at minimal cost. Also, we conclude that including corridor constraints in the harvest scheduling model is critical to guarantee connectivity of reindeer pastures.

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Effects of Modern Forest Management on Winter Grazing Resources for Reindeer in Sweden

Cited by 74 publications

References 45 publications

Past and Present Winter Feeding of Reindeer in Finland: Herders’ Adaptive Learning of Feeding Practices

Past and Present Winter Feeding of Reindeer in Finland: Herders’ Adaptive Learning of Feeding Practices

Adapting National Forest Inventories to changing requirements – the case of the Swedish National Forest Inventory at the turn of the 20th century

Combining spatiotemporal corridor design for reindeer migration with harvest scheduling in Northern Sweden

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