Effects of Moringa oleifera in Two Independents Formulation and as Neuroprotective Agent Against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice

Abstract

BackgroundThe cognitive deficit has frequently been found in the elderly population. Several studies have shown that every single part of Moringa oleifera, including leaves, roots, and seeds, has abundant micronutrients, such as flavonoids, which improve the neurobehavioral capacity. However, herb parts that display optimal neuropharmacological properties remain unknown.ObjectiveWe investigate whether M. oleifera seed oil (MOO) or aqueous M. oleifera leaves extracts (MOEs) may ameliorate memory impairment in mice induced with scopolamine (Sco). Additionally, the phytochemical analyses of those two independent formulations were analyzed.MethodsIn this study, 2 ml/kg body weight (BW) of MOO and 500 mg/kg BW of MOE were orally administered to the mice for 28 days, followed by intraperitoneal injection of Sco (1 mg/kg) at the day 22–28 to induce cognitive impairment in those mice.ResultsThe Sco group showed memory retention impairment represented by the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests, significant enhancement of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in hippocampus tissue (p < 0.0001), and increased the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) in serum. Interestingly, the Sco-induced memory defect was improved and completely blunted the AChE exacerbation in Sco+MOO-treated mice (p < 0.0001), although the TAOC level was comparable among the groups. Mechanistically, both tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), as a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-receptor, and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) protein expressions were enhanced with the hippocampus isolated from the Sco group. Nonetheless, pretreatment with MOO only, but not with MOE, ameliorated the enhanced protein expression levels of TrkB and NF-κB (p < 0.05 and p = 0.09, respectively).ConclusionOur data reveal that MOO is preferable to MOE as a neuroprotective as evidenced by improving memory impairment. This effect, at least in part, through inhibiting the AChE and NF-κB activities and modulating the TrkB expression level.

The Oil Formulation Derived from Moringa Oleifera Seeds Ameliorates Behavioral Abnormalities in Water-immersion Restraint Stress Mouse Model

“…In our previous study, 26 we have reported that palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, stigmasterol, and β sitosterol were abundant on the seed oil from MO (MOO), and confirmed the neuroprotective effects of MOO by improved the memory impairment caused by scopolamine injection through the inhibition of AChE activity and overexpression of NF-κB protein level, and modulate the level of Trk-B expression. Similarly, the administration of 70% ethanol extract of MO seeds could improve memory and cognitive impairment in scopolamine mice model.…”

“…24 Moreover, long-term consumption of MO progressively increases the body weight after the 12 weeks, improved spatial and non-spatial memory performance, protect against oxidative stress, inhibit AChE activity and suppresses neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus of rats. 25 In our previous study, 26 we have reported that palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, stigmasterol, and β sitosterol were abundant on the seed oil from MO (MOO), and confirmed the neuroprotective effects of MOO by improved the memory impairment caused by scopolamine injection through the inhibition of AChE activity and overexpression of NF-κB protein level, and modulate the level of Trk-B expression. Similarly, the administration of 70% ethanol extract of MO seeds could improve memory and cognitive impairment in scopolamine mice model.…”

“…This neuroprotective effect of MOO might be due to the active components of MOO namely palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, stigmasterol, and β sitosterol which has been reported in our previous study. 26 Similarly, MO leaves extract seemed to have a potential cognitive enhancer via the decreased oxidative stress and the enhanced cholinergic function. 24,25,54,55 In our study, we evaluated the activity of AChE and mRNA expression level of BDNF in hippocampus tissue of the mice.…”

Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extract Moringa Oleifera Leaves

“…Lamoub, et al report this aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera also increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduces levels of malondialdehyde in the blood [28]. Our previous study found MOW has a compound of triterpenoid, polyphenolic, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid and anthraquinone [11]. Flavonoid is a secondary metabolite that can activate antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation [29].…”

“…Moringa oleifera leaves are enriched in phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, saponins, terpenoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids [7]. Previous rodent studies found that extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves have anxiolytic and antiepileptic properties [8,9], antidepressant [10], and improves memory [11].…”