Effects of multiples hormones on intraocular pressure: A narrative review

Abstract

This research examines the effects of hormones on intraocular pressure (IOP), focusing specifically on estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, oxytocin, thyroid hormones, melatonin, aldosterone, dopamine, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The literature indicated that GH, IGF-1, progesterone, melatonin, testosterone, oxytocin, and estrogen were associated with reduced IOP. However, the impact of estrogen on IOP may vary depending on the type (endogenous or exogenous estrogen), the stage of a woman’s life (premenopausal or postmenopausal), and the mode of administration (oral or nonoral). Although testosterone was found to reduce IOP, a significant association between high IOP and testosterone was found in female-to-male transgender individuals. The impact of dopamine on IOP also varied depending on the dopamine receptors. The study was conducted based on a literature review obtained from Google Scholar spanning from 1980 to 2023. All selected literature directly or indirectly explored the relationship between hormones and IOP in animals or humans.