Effects of n-Butanol and Isobutanol on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Euro 6 Direct-injection Spark Ignition Engine During Laboratory and on-Road Tests

Vojtíšek-Lom, Michal; Beránek, V.; Stolcpartova, Jitka; Pechout, Martin; Klír, Vojtěch

doi:10.4271/2015-24-2513

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For ethanol (PMI = 0.05 bar −1 ), n-butanol (PMI = 0.10 bar −1 ), and 2-MF (PMI = 0.45 bar −1 ), reductions in particulate matter (PM) emissions [in comparison to gasoline (PMI = 1.50 bar −1 )] have been reported. 9,[32][33][34][35][36]40,41 For DMF (PMI = 0.83 bar −1 ), no significant change could be detected. 34,49 This might be attributed to the widespread PMI values of gasoline (PMI = 1.50 ± 0.69 bar −1 ).…”

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Review and Performance Evaluation of Fifty Alternative Liquid Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines

et al. 2019

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The currently discussed alternative fuels for spark-ignition engines are numerous. A total of 50 different liquid fuel compounds were identified from the literature. Using a thermodynamic engine model, which adapts the engine to the fuel and thereby determines the performance potential of a fuel candidate, the different fuel candidates are investigated in terms of efficiency, tank-to-wheel CO 2 emissions, and volumetric fuel consumption. Additionally, the particulate matter index (PMI) of each compound is calculated to estimate the soot emissions. Furthermore, possible negative impacts on health and the environment are taken into account. The only compound leading to a volumetric fuel consumption lower than gasoline is found to be anisole (8.0 L/100 km), at the cost of increased CO 2 emissions (225 g/km) and PMI levels (2.27 bar −1 ). Minimum tankto-wheel CO 2 emissions are achieved by isopropanol (175 g/km) but at the expense of increasing volumetric fuel consumption (10.2 L/100 km). CO 2 reduction potential of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane (180 g/km) is not as significant; in return, the increase in volumetric fuel consumption (8.5 L/100 km) is less pronounced. tert-Butanol and isopropanol result in minimum PMI values (0.04 bar −1 ), while tert-butanol shows a slightly worse performance than isopropanol, with a full load efficiency of 36.8% versus 37.1%, respectively. Although they contain oxygen, levulinates are predicted to form a high amount of particulate matter.

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Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“… a The legend to the symbols, status level (1–5), and toxicity classes (Ia–U) are given in Table . Data were taken from refs , , and − . …”

Section: Alternative Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and Performance Evaluation of Fifty Alternative Liquid Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines

et al. 2019

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“…53% within their conducted NEDC tests on the dynamometer using a gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle. Vojtisek-Lom et al [59] determined PM emission reductions for a n-Butanol blending rate of 25% especially for urban and rural driving conditions, while the decrease of PN emission also happens for the motorway part. Hergueta et al [60] concluded that the oxygen content of butanol can decrease the soot formation rate as well as optimize the oxidation rates of the already formed particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

et al. 2019

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The Future Fuels project combines research in several institutes of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the production and use of synthetic fuels for space, energy, transportation, and aviation. This article gives an overview of the research questions considered and results achieved so far and also provides insight into the multidimensional and interdisciplinary project approach. Various methods and models were used which are embedded in the research context and based on established approaches. The prospects for large-scale fuel production using renewable electricity and solar radiation played a key role in the project. Empirical and model-based investigations of the technological and cost-related aspects were supplemented by modelling of the integration into a future electricity system. The composition, properties, and the related performance and emissions of synthetic fuels play an important role both for potential oxygenated drop-in fuels in road transport and for the design and certification of alternative aviation fuels. In addition, possible green synthetic fuels as an alternative to highly toxic hydrazine were investigated with different tools and experiments using combustion chambers. The results provide new answers to many research questions. The experiences with the interdisciplinary approach of Future Fuels are relevant for the further development of research topics and co-operations in this field.Synthetic fuels based on renewable energies (RE) are widely seen as a key element to achieving climate-neutral transport (e.g., [1,2]). As liquid hydrocarbons have a high energy and power density, they are primarily discussed as fuels for (heavy) road vehicles, ships, and aircraft. Due to their low storage and transport losses, they are also conceivable as a complementary long-term electricity storage option [3]. The challenges of producing and implementing these fuels are manifold. Chemical processes and renewable electrical or thermal energy can be used to produce liquid hydrocarbons from various carbon sources and hydrogen (and sometimes oxygen). Synthetic fuels have several advantages: they can be easily integrated into our existing energy and mobility infrastructures, can be used in all areas of the transport sector, and they can be optimized with regard to their chemical properties. The main disadvantages are the high energy losses and production costs.In this research context, eleven research groups at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are working together on the Future Fuels project on synthetic fuels. The aim of the interdisciplinary approach is to realize synergies and joint research activities, as well as new research impulses through different perspectives. The scientists and engineers are investigating how synthetic fuels can be produced using solar energy and electrolysis processes (Solar Fuels), and are developing concepts for the re-conversion of these fuels into electricity. They are working on emission-optimized fuels for transport and aviation (Designer Fuels), as well as advanced space ap...

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“…For this and similar reasons, the emission standards of gasoline vehicles have been raised repeatedly by relevant emissions regulations in different countries. In Europe, the Euro-6 emissions regulations stipulate a PM emissions limit of GDI engines (6 × 10 11 #/km) [13,14]. The emission standards of PM for GDI engines are rising in many countries.…”

Section: Particulate Mater Emission Of Gasoline Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on the Flow Field of Particles Deposited on a Gasoline Particulate Filter

Sjöblom

Sharma

et al. 2019

Energies

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The abatement of particulate matter in gasoline vehicle exhaust has prompted the development of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs). The spatial distribution of the deposited particles inside a GPF has profound implications for its regeneration behavior, ash-induced aging, and multiscale modeling efforts. The connection cones will affect the flow into the monolith and the package structure needed to meet the system space requirements. In this paper, nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBSs) were applied to the cone design to optimize the flow uniformity and particle distribution inside a gasoline particulate filter. NURBS and conventional cones were manufactured using 3D printing, and the velocity profiles and pressure drops were measured under the loading of synthetic particles. The results shows that the cone shape will influence the pressure drop and the velocity profile, which is evaluated as the uniformity index. The test results indicate that better performance is achieved when using the NURBS cone, especially at low particle loads. The results also show that the cone shape (which determines the velocity profile) influences the particle deposition distribution, although the apparent pressure drops are similar. These results are important for exhaust aftertreatment system (EATS) design and optimization, where the NURBS cone can improve flow uniformity, which causes better particle deposition distribution and lower pressure drop.

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Effects of n-Butanol and Isobutanol on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Euro 6 Direct-injection Spark Ignition Engine During Laboratory and on-Road Tests

Cited by 15 publications

References 27 publications

Review and Performance Evaluation of Fifty Alternative Liquid Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines

Review and Performance Evaluation of Fifty Alternative Liquid Fuels for Spark-Ignition Engines

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

Experimental Study on the Flow Field of Particles Deposited on a Gasoline Particulate Filter

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