Effects of neutralizing on intrusive thoughts: An experiment investigating the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Šalkovskis, Paul M.; Westbrook, David A.; Davis, J. G.; Jeavons, Anne; Gledhill, Ann

doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00112-x

Cited by 48 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Measures of discomfort (0 = no discomfort, 100 = most discomfort I have ever felt) and urge to neutralize (0= no urge, 100 = strongest urge to neutralize I have ever felt) were taken from Salkovskis et al (1997;2003). Participants were also asked to report their self-worth e.g., "To what extent do you feel that you are a worthy person?"…”

Section: Visual Analogue Scale (Vas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Neutralizing Assessment Task (NAT) was a computeradministered adaptation of the experimental design of Salkovskis et al (1997;2003). The…”

Section: Experimental Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ratings of discomfort were recorded after every 4th presentation of the intrusion using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and retrospective VAS ratings of urge to neutralize were recorded after each phase. In a sample of nonclinical participants, those who neutralized experienced greater discomfort and urge to neutralize than those in the control condition after the end of the listening phase (Salkovskis et al, 1997),…”

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confidence: 92%

“…There has been virtually no experimental evidence supporting a relationship between self-worth and phenomena central to OCD such as neutralizing and unwanted intrusions. The primary aim of this study was to empirically test these notions using an experimental design developed by Salkovskis and colleagues (Salkovskis, Thorpe, Wahl, Wroe, & Forrester, 2003;Salkovskis, Westbrook, Davis, Jeavons, & Gledhill, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their examination into the maladaptive effects of neutralizing, Salkovskis et al (1997;2003) asked participants to listen to repeated recordings of idiosyncratic intrusive thoughts and to respond either using their own cognitive neutralization strategy (experimental condition) or counting backwards (control). This first response phase was followed by an equivalent listening phase where both conditions asked participants to listen to their intrusion, refraining from any responses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to unwanted intrusions, neutralizing and their effects on self-worth and obsessive-compulsive phenomena

Ahern

Kyrios

Meyer

2015

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Section: Visual Analogue Scale (Vas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Neutralizing Assessment Task (NAT) was a computeradministered adaptation of the experimental design of Salkovskis et al (1997;2003). The…”

Section: Experimental Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to unwanted intrusions, neutralizing and their effects on self-worth and obsessive-compulsive phenomena

Ahern

Kyrios

Meyer

2015

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Cognitive distortions: thought-action fusion

Rachman

Shafran

1999

Clin. Psychol. Psychother.

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Thought±action fusion (TAF) is a cognitive distortion with two forms: probability TAF' in which the intrusive thought is believed to increase the probability that a specific negative event will occur and`morality TAF' in which experiencing the intrusive thoughts is morally equivalent to carrying out a prohibited action. This distortion is especially prominent in obsessions, is closely related to guilt and is associated with subsequent attempts at neutralization. A comparable cognitive distortion termed`thought±shape fusion' has been found in a minority of people with eating problems and occurs when the thought of eating is sufficient to induce feelings of fatness, moral unacceptability and weight gain. These cognitive distortions can be manipulated experimentally and have clinical implications that include improvement in understanding the nature of the disorder and its treatment.

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Cognitive-Behavioral Models of OCD

Shafran

Concepts and Controversies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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It has been argued that the best way to develop effective psychological interventions is to understand the development and maintenance of the disorder in question, and then to devise treatments that reverse the maintaining mechanisms (Clark, 1997). Such an approach has proven successful in a range of psychological disorders including panic disorder (eg, Clark, 1986), bulimia nervosa (Wilson & Fairburn, 2002), and OCD (Abramowitz, 1997). This chapter first describes the purpose of cognitive-behavioral models of OCD and then goes on to discuss five cognitive-behavioral models that have been proposed to account for OCD symptomatology. Each of these models is presented in detail, and the empirical evidence evaluating them is reviewed. The existing research incorporates a range of methods including questionnaire studies and controlled experimental laboratory research. It is concluded that the data are largely consistent with the cognitive-behavioral approaches, but that important questions remain to be addressed. Implications of these models for the conceptualization and treatment of OCD are also discussed. THE PURPOSE OF COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL MODELSGelder (1997) considered models of psychological disorders to be theoretical schemes for ordering information in a broad and comprehensive way. Such models have two main purposes: First, they provide a means of understanding the development or maintenance of the essential phenomenological aspects of a disorder. In OCD, the cognitive aspects that require explanation include (but are not limited to) (a ) the occurrence of persistent, repetitive intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, (b) the experience of these thoughts as repugnant and unwanted, and (c) the attempts to ignore or suppress the thoughts. The primary behavioral symptoms in OCD that require explanation are compulsive rituals (eg, handwashing, checking), neutralizing (overt and covert), and avoidance. Related aspects to be explained include why the themes of the obsessions are consistent (ie, aggressive, blasphemous, sexual) and why it is that although 90% of people experience intrusive thoughts of a similar content, only 229

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Effects of neutralizing on intrusive thoughts: An experiment investigating the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Cited by 48 publications

References 17 publications

Exposure to unwanted intrusions, neutralizing and their effects on self-worth and obsessive-compulsive phenomena

Exposure to unwanted intrusions, neutralizing and their effects on self-worth and obsessive-compulsive phenomena

Cognitive distortions: thought-action fusion

Cognitive-Behavioral Models of OCD

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