Effects of Nitrogen fertilisation and regrowth period on fatty acid concentrations in perennial ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne</i> L.)

Elgersma, A.; Maudet, P.; Witkowska, I.M.; Wever, A.C.

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.00020.x

Cited by 48 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This is partly in agreement with findings from earlier studies (Boufaïed et al, 2003b;Elgersma et al, 2005;Witkowska et al, 2008). Boufaïed et al (2003a) found positive linear relationships between the N concentration and 16:0, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and total FA in timothy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This could explain the linear increase in 18:0 concentrations in milk with increasing N fertilisation. Further, the WSC concentration was inversely correlated with the CP concentration in the grass silages, with G-30 resulting in significantly higher WSC intake than the other silages (Table 2 and 4), which is in accordance with Elgersma et al (2005) who found the same trend in perennial ryegrass. Lee et al (2003) found in an in vitro experiment that a high inclusion of WSC in the diet induced a shift towards fermentation of WSC rather than fibre digestion, which suggests a shift away from fibrolytic bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Boufaïed et al (2003a) found positive linear relationships between the N concentration and 16:0, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and total FA in timothy. In addition, Elgersma et al (2005) found strong linear relationships between CP and concentrations of 18:3n-3 and TFA in perennial ryegrass. In addition, when it comes to proportions of FAs in the silages, there were some differences ( Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Boufaïed et al, 2003a;Elgersma et al, 2005;Witkowska et al, 2008). The majority of the FAs are found in the chloroplasts and a positive correlation has been reported between concentrations of chloroplast lipids and chlorophyll in plants (Hawke, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of N-fertilisation rate or inclusion of red clover to timothy leys on fatty acid composition in milk of dairy cows fed a commercial silage : concentrate ratio

Arvidsson

Gustavsson

Fievez

et al. 2012

Animal

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The aim of this experiment was to, under typical Swedish production conditions, evaluate the effects of grass silages subjected to different N-fertilisation regimes fed to dairy cows on the fatty acid (FA) composition of their milk, and to compare the grass silages in this respect to red clover-dominated silage. Grass silages made from first year Phleum pratense L. leys subjected to three N-fertilisation regimes (30, 90 and 120 kg N/ha, designated G-30, G-90 and G-120, respectively) and a mixed red clover-grass silage (Trifolium pratense L. and P. pratense L.; 60/40 on dry matter (DM) basis, designated RC-G) were produced. The experiment was conducted as a change-over design, including 24 primiparous and multiparous dairy cows of the Swedish Red breed, each of which was allocated to three of the four diets. The cows were offered 11 kg DM of silage and 7 kg concentrates. The silages had similar DM and energy concentrations. The CP concentration increased with increase in N-fertilisation level. There was a linear increase in DM intake of the different silages with increased N fertilisation. There were also differences in concentrations of both individual and total FAs amongst silages. The daily milk production (kg/day) did not significantly differ between treatments, but G-30 silage resulted in higher concentrations of 18:2n-6 in the milk compared with the other two grass silages. The highest concentrations of 18:3n-3 and cis-9, trans-11 18:2 were found in milk from cows offered the RC-G silage. The G-30 diet resulted in higher concentration of 18:2n-6 and the same concentration of 18:3n-3 in the milk as the other grass silages, despite lower intake levels of these FAs. The apparent recoveries of 18:3n-3 from feed to milk were 5.74%, 4.27%, 4.10% and 5.31% for G-30, G-90, G-120 and RC-G, respectively. A higher recovery when red clover is included in the diet confirms previous reports. The higher apparent recovery of 18:3n-3 on the G-30 treatment may be related to the lower silage DM intake, which led to a higher relative proportion of ingested FAs originating from concentrates compared with the G-90 and G-120 diets. With the rates and types of concentrates used in this study, the achieved differences in FA composition among the silages were not enough to influence the concentrations of unsaturated FAs in milk.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of N-fertilisation rate or inclusion of red clover to timothy leys on fatty acid composition in milk of dairy cows fed a commercial silage : concentrate ratio

Arvidsson

Gustavsson

Fievez

et al. 2012

Animal

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“…Regrowth periods affected the total milk FA concentration in our trial with significantly lower concentrations of C18:3 after a longer period of regrowth in the G/S compared to the G group. Elgersma et al (2005) also hypothesized that the protein content in the herbage, the leafblade proportion of the canopy and regrowth period of the sward, might affect milk fat content and proportions of FA in the herbage. The milk CLA response was also related to the PDMI, CP and IVODM of swards increasing from the G/S group to the G group.…”

Section: Effect Of Forage Source On Conjugated Linoleic Acid Content mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short communication. Effect of forage source (grazing vs. silage) on conjugated linoleic acid content in milk fat of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows from Galicia (NW Spain)

Roca-Fernández¹,

González‐Rodríguez²,

Vázquez-Yañez

et al. 2012

Span. j. agric. res.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different feeding proportions of forage -grazing vs. silageon milk fatty acids (FA) profile and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of autumn calving Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 61) at CIAM (Galicia, NW Spain). Three treatments (S, 100% silage; G/S, 50% grazing + 50% silage; G, 100% grazing) were set and milk FA profile of dairy cows was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The G group showed a decrease in short (p < 0.05) and medium chain FA (p < 0.001), with an increase in long chain FA (p < 0.001) in comparison to the G/S and S groups, which showed the lowest levels (p < 0.001) of mono-and polyunsaturated FA. The CLA content in milk fat increased (p < 0.001) linearly in relation to the increased proportion of fresh grass in the diet of dairy cows from 0.49 and 0.82 to 1.14 g/100 g FA for the treatments S, G/S and G, respectively. During spring and summer, the levels of CLA were three times higher (p < 0.001, +0.76 g/100 g FA) in milk from dairy cows at the G group than in cows at the S group and twice higher (p < 0.001, +0.40 g/100 g FA) than in cows at the G/S group. High proportion of grass in the diet of cows increased CLA content, with the highest levels of unsaturated FA and the lowest levels of saturated FA, increasing the added value of milk on grazing systems using available farm resources.Additional key words: dairy cattle; forage proportion; grass feeding value; milk fatty acids. ResumenComunicación corta. Efecto de la fuente de forraje (pasto vs. ensilado) sobre el contenido de ácido linoleico conjugado en la grasa láctea de vacas Holstein-Friesian en Galicia (NO España)El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de utilizar diferentes proporciones de forraje, pasto vs. silo, en el perfil de ácidos grasos (AG) de la leche y en el contenido de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) en vacas lecheras HolsteinFriesian (n = 61) de partos de otoño. Se establecieron tres tratamientos (S, 100% ensilaje; G/S, 50% pastoreo y 50% ensilaje; G, 100% pastoreo) y se determinó el perfil de AG de la leche por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. El grupo G mostró una disminución en los AG de cadena corta (p < 0,05) y media (p < 0,001), con un aumento en los AG de cadena larga (p < 0,001) en comparación con los grupos G/S y S, que mostraron unos contenidos menores (p < 0,001) de AG mono-y poli-insaturados. El contenido de CLA en la grasa láctea aumentó linealmente con el incremento en la proporción de pasto fresco en la dieta de las vacas lecheras desde 0,49 y 0,82 a 1,14 g/100 g de AG para los tratamientos S, G/S y G, respectivamente. Durante la primavera y el verano, los niveles de CLA fueron tres veces superiores (p < 0,001, +0,76 g/100 g de AG) en la leche de las vacas del grupo G respecto a la del grupo S y dos veces superiores (p < 0,001, +0,40 g/100 g de AG) a la del grupo G/S. Una alta proporción de pasto en la dieta incrementó el contenido de CLA, con niveles superiores de AG insaturados y menores de saturados, lo...

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Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass‐fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives

Elgersma

2015

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

142

129

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Grazing animals walk outdoors and harvest fresh herbage from a three‐dimensional canopy. Botanical composition and grassland management in various farming systems affect herbage intake and milk fatty acid (FA) composition. Grazing animals encounter a vertical gradient while grazing down a sward; responses in milk FA composition are discussed. Grazing animals have diets rich in poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly α‐linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3). Concentrates and starch‐rich fodders affect rumen retention time of the feed, increase linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) intake, and alter biohydrogenation pathways toward less n‐3 PUFA and less rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer C18:2c9t11), leading to lower contents of these compounds in the milk. Milk from grazing‐based production systems including organic systems, therefore, has less saturated and more n‐3PUFA and CLAc9t11 which is considered beneficial for health. The occurrence of natural trans FA (t11) in milk predominates with grazing whereas intensive feeding practices enhance t10‐FA, with possible negative health effects. FA intake – output relations can differ among plant species due to rapid rumen passage rate or compounds protecting PUFA, resulting in more PUFA in milk. Methodological constraints for FA measurement in herbages are discussed. Trends in grazing and dairy farming systems and implications for milk FA composition are addressed. Practical applications: Grazing is important for fresh forage intake, animal health and natural behaviour, landscape values and grassland biodiversity. Grazing is a political, societal and marketing issue in The Netherlands where retailers since 2011 sell dairy products labelled as “pasture‐milk” and dairies pay a premium to farmers whose cows get access to pasture. Grazing affects green leaf intake because animals can select. Pasture allowance enhances α‐linolenic acid and CLAc9t11 (rumenic acid) concentrations in milk fat. FA need to be designated by unique names; CLA is a generic term and isomers give rise to different biological responses. As some forbs reduce biohydrogenation, grassland species diversity may improve PUFA transfer efficiency from feed to milk. Trends in animal genetics and increased herd size, TMR feeding and automated milking systems cause reduction of grazing in Europe, which can increase saturated and trans‐10 milk FA concentrations and reduce naturally occurring fat‐soluble vitamins and antioxidants in dairy products. Grazing (pasture‐feeding versus indoor with conserved forage and concentrates) increases n‐3 PUFA and trans‐11 over trans‐10 FA in cow milk when cows can select, as leaves have high n‐3 PUFA concentrations; biodiverse grasslands enhance this effect as some forbs show less PUFA rumen biohydrogenation than grasses, thus increasing efficiency of PUFA transfer from forage to milk.

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Effects of Nitrogen fertilisation and regrowth period on fatty acid concentrations in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Cited by 48 publications

References 25 publications

The effect of N-fertilisation rate or inclusion of red clover to timothy leys on fatty acid composition in milk of dairy cows fed a commercial silage : concentrate ratio

The effect of N-fertilisation rate or inclusion of red clover to timothy leys on fatty acid composition in milk of dairy cows fed a commercial silage : concentrate ratio

Short communication. Effect of forage source (grazing vs. silage) on conjugated linoleic acid content in milk fat of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows from Galicia (NW Spain)

Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass‐fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives

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