Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Soil Water Content on Seed and Oil Yield in Perennial Castor in a Mediterranean Environment

Abstract

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed species that can be grown as a semi-perennial in Mediterranean environments, including the coastal areas of Sicily. The present study investigated the optimization of cultivation techniques for castor, with the crop being maintained over a two-year period, through the evaluation of different agronomical inputs in order to increase seed yield. The effects of irrigation (I) and nitrogen fertilization (N) on the seed and oil yield and their components were assessed in castor cultivated in a typical semi-arid environment. Four levels of irrigation (I0, I30, I60, and I100: 0, 30, 60, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration—ETm restoration, respectively) as the main plot and three levels of nitrogen fertilization (N) (0, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1) as the sub-plot were considered. Irrigation mostly affected the number of racemes per plant, the number of capsules per raceme, and the seed weight. The oil content was, on average, 39.2% and 45.6% for the first and second year, respectively. The highest seed yield was obtained by I100N120 treatment (4154.0 kg ha−1); however, the combination of a high soil nitrogen level (N120) and medium water availability (I60) resulted in satisfactory seed and oil yields. The reduction in the irrigation water to an intermediate level could be also an environmentally friendly strategy not significantly affecting yields.

Effects of Sowing Dates and Genotypes of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) on Seed Yield and Oil Content in the South Mediterranean Basin

“…These results confirmed what was found for our 'C856', which averaged, independently of the sowing date, about 50%. Nevertheless, our results are perfectly in line with those reported in the literature for the oil content, ranging from 49.0-53.0% in dwarf hybrids [39] from 30.4 to 50.6% (in 'Local' genotype) [30], from 40.1 and 57.4% [40], and from 24.2 to 50.0% in dwarf and normal castor [41].…”

“…Our results confirmed other studies in the Mediterranean area. Indeed, Calcagno et al (2023) [30] found that, in castor sown late in April, the ripening was reached in just 145 days in a local variety, in line with our 'Local' genotype, which took between 156 and 135 days for the E-M cycle in spring sowings. Whereas, Patanè et al (2019) [31] found that 99 days are sufficient with sowings in May, matching the time that occurred in the late sowings of our 'Local' genotype, which needed 111 and 94 days (SW3 and SW4, respectively).…”

A biorefinery model for the production of oil and biomethane using castor plants

“…Regarding the effect of nitrogen fertilization, there was an increase in castor seed yield in the treatment supplied with 120 kg N ha −1 , as also reported by Pari et al (2022), who obtained similar results for castor hybrids under a Mediterranean climate with high‐input field management (100 kg N ha −1 ) and Calcagno et al (2023), who investigated the perennial habit of castor under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilization levels in the Mediterranean area while maintaining the crop over a 2‐year period. Weiss (2000) reported that nitrogen fertilization had little effect on seed oil content, which is consistent with our results.…”