Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review

Hemelaar, Majoie; Mooren, M.J. van der; Rad, Mandana; Kluft, C.; Kenemans, P.

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1298

Cited by 57 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(268 reference statements)

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“…In the same meta-analysis, the results from nine randomized controlled trials confirmed the increased VTE risk in women treated with oral E (Table 1). Another recent meta-analytic review also found that nonoral routes related to less CVR as it induces less changes in CRP and potential CVR endothelial marker levels (55). The effect of HT on the METS, inflammatory or thrombotic variables in postmenopausal women has also been reported in a meta-analysis.…”

Section: Effects Of Hormone Therapy On Cardiovascular Riskmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cardiovascular risk in menopausal women and prevalent related co-morbid conditions: facing the post-Women's Health Initiative era

Pérez‐López

Chedraui

Gilbert

et al. 2009

Fertility and Sterility

134

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Section: Effects Of Hormone Therapy On Cardiovascular Riskmentioning

confidence: 89%

Cardiovascular risk in menopausal women and prevalent related co-morbid conditions: facing the post-Women's Health Initiative era

Pérez‐López

Chedraui

Gilbert

et al. 2009

Fertility and Sterility

134

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“…83 Finally, Hemelaar et al underscore the relatively safer profile of oral HRT in relation to atherosclerotic and venous thromboembolic disease. 85 Hemelaar's conclusions are based on a review of studies comparing non-oral with oral postmenopausal HRT.…”

Section: Therapeutic Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Menstrual function in sports

Roupas¹,

Georgopoulos²

2011

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ObjecTIVe: To highlight the recent developments in the field of menstrual function in sports and to provide an overview of our current understanding in regard to the pathophysiology, evaluation and management strategies of exercise-related reproductive dysfunction. DeSIgn: A PUbMeD search was carried out and all articles published from 1980 to 2010 with title words related to exercise, athletes, menstrual function and primary and secondary amenorrhea were reviewed. The review structure includes a pathophysiology overview, menstrual dysfunction among different athletic disciplines, clinical manifestations, evaluation and management strategies, with particular emphasis on recent data regarding the use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. ReSUlTS AnD cOnclUSIOn: exercise-related reproductive dysfunction appears to be multifactorial in origin and remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Recent findings underscore the endocrine role of adipose tissue in the regulation of metabolism and reproduction, providing further data on our understanding of the pathophysiology of exerciserelated reproductive dysfunction. clinical manifestations range from primary amenorrhea or delayed menarche to luteal phase deficiency, oligomenorrhea, anovulation and secondary amenorrhea. Amenorrhea constitutes the most serious clinical consequence and is associated with bone pathology. early diagnosis, thorough evaluation and individualized management (ranging from diet and exercise, or behavior adjustments to pharmacologic treatment) should be achieved in order to preserve bone mass.

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“…and apoA-I increase significantly [1][2][3]. In general, these effects of estrogen are considered beneficial from the atherogenic point of view.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogen upregulates hepatic apolipoprotein M expression via the estrogen receptor

Jiang¹,

Shi²,

Zhang³

et al. 2011

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biolog

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Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is present predominantly in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in human plasma, thus possibly involved in the regulation of HDL metabolism and the process of atherosclerosis. Although estrogen replacement therapy increases serum levels of apoAI and HDL, it does not seem to reduce the cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Therefore, we investigated the effects of estrogen on apoM expression in vitro and in vivo. HepG2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of estrogen with or without the estrogen receptor antagonist, fulvestrant, and apoM expression in the cells was determined. Hepatic apoM expression and serum levels of apoM were also determined in normal and in ovariectomized rats treated with either placebo or estradiol benzoate, using sham operated rats as controls. Estrogen significantly increased mRNA levels of apoM and apoAI in HepG2 cell cultures in a dose-and time-dependent manner; the upregulation of both apolipoproteins was fully abolished by addition of estrogen receptor antagonist. In normal rats, estrogen treatment led to an increase in plasma lipid levels including HDL cholesterol, a marked upregulation of apoM mRNA and a significant increase in serum levels of apoM. The same pattern of regulation was found in ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen. Thus, estrogen upregulates apoM expression both in vivo and in vitro by mechanism(s) involving the estrogen receptor.

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Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review

Cited by 57 publications

References 181 publications

Cardiovascular risk in menopausal women and prevalent related co-morbid conditions: facing the post-Women's Health Initiative era

Cardiovascular risk in menopausal women and prevalent related co-morbid conditions: facing the post-Women's Health Initiative era

Menstrual function in sports

Estrogen upregulates hepatic apolipoprotein M expression via the estrogen receptor

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