Effects of off-road vehicles in Ballinger Canyon, California

Stull, Robert J.; Shipley, Susan; Hovanitz, Eric; Thompson, Scott; Hovanitz, Karen

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<19:eoovib>2.0.co;2

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Sediment mobility is also represented by net deposition on the ORV trails during the off-season, which signifies a system of sediment through-put, and by trail erosion rates estimated to be as high as 0.11 m 3 /m 2 /yr (209 kg/m 2 /yr). This rate exceeds one and lies close to the two other previously published annual maximum erosion estimates of 62 kg/m 2 /yr (Wilshire et al, 1978), 173 kg/m 2 /yr (Griggs and Walsh, 1981), and 250 kg/m 2 /yr (Stull et al, 1979), which were determined for ORV trails in semi-arid climates. Thus, although mid-latitude forest environments are not often perceived as being as sensitive or as fragile as arid environments (Stebbins, 1974), they appear to be just as susceptible to landscape disturbance by ORVs, even with the existence of vehicle-rest periods.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Sediment Flux and Compaction Trends on Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) and Other Trails in an Appalachian Forest Setting

Sack

Luz²

2003

Physical Geography

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This research investigates the impact of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on sediment dynamics and compaction in the forested hillslope terrain of southeastern Ohio. A dense network of ground-height change, penetrometer resistance, and penetrometer depth measurements was collected from trails and trail-adjacent forest land at four ORV and, for comparison, two non-ORV trail study sites (hiking, horse-riding). Repeat measurements were made at the height of the ORV season, at the end of the ORV season, and near the end of the off-season. Separate statistical comparisons of ground-height change and penetrometer observations for forest versus trail locations, ORV versus non-ORV study sites, and one time period versus another reveal compaction on all trails, significant surface compaction on the ORV trails, and considerable sediment flux on both the trails and the adjacent forest land at the ORV sites. This flux includes sediment transfer during the riding season from the ORV trails to the adjacent forest land by wash and tire throw. Net erosion that occurred on the ORV trails during the studied part of the riding season was quantitatively offset by off-season aggradation, but the system is primarily one of sediment through-put. Considering the entire riding season, erosion rates on the ORV trails may be as high as 0.11 m 3 /m 2 /yr. [

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Sediment Flux and Compaction Trends on Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) and Other Trails in an Appalachian Forest Setting

Sack

Luz²

2003

Physical Geography

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“…The soil erosion in the running trail of L'Alcúdia de Crespins has shown values that are similar to other trails which were not recently opened or were used only for trekking. The trails researched by other scientists such as Stull et al (1979) showed values of 540 Mg ha -1 y -1 or Johnson and Smith (1983) with 632 Mg ha -1 y -1 . The highest soil losses were found by Sack and da Luz (2003) with 2090 Mg ha -1 y -1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Four-year soil erosion rates in a running-mountain trail in eastern Iberian Peninsula

Salesa

Cerdà

2019

CIG

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During the last decades, the use of mountain trails for running is more and more popular. New trails are opened to allow the runners to practice and compete. This form of human impact on the landscape is new as the new trails do not follow the conservation strategies in design and maintenance as traditional mountain trails constructed by farmers, shepherds and muleteers do. This impact of sport events in nature is not measured and we know little about this impact on vegetation, fauna and soils. We surveyed in September 2018 a trail that was opened in September 2014 and was used for four official mountain trail races, and for training by local runners. Our interviews with organizers and users show that 1054 runners passed during the competition days (4 races in 4 years) and over the 4-year period the trail was used approximately 43,800 times by a runner. We measured the current topography and calculated the soil lost. The results show extremely high erosion rates in the sloping terrain, with the highest rates in the north-facing slope, reaching up to 180.29 Mg ha-1 y-1, while in the flat section of the trail soil erosion rates are 107.56 Mg ha-1 y-1 and in the south-facing slope trail 128.93 Mg ha-1 y-1. Our study demonstrates that (i) soil erosion rates on trails can be easily estimated by measuring the deepest trail position enabling fast and cheap surveys; and (ii) that there is a need to establish conservation strategies on new trails to avoid non-sustainable soil losses in the Mediterranean mountains due to the sport activities such as the mountain trail races.

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“…68-76), removal of vegetation, and accelerated wind erosion. The major consequence of these effects is an increase in the sediment yield from roads and tracks (Snyder et al, 1976;Stull et al, 1979;Hinckley et al, 1984, p. 85;Reid and Dunne, 1984;Megahan et al, 1987). The extent of damage is dependent upon such factors as soil type, vegetation cover, topography, and intensity of use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RIVER‐BED SEDIMENTATION CAUSED BY OFF‐ROAD VEHICLES AT RIVER FORDS IN THE VICTORIAN HIGHLANDS, AUSTRALIA¹

Brown

1994

J American Water Resour Assoc

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This study investigates some of the effects occurring at recreational off-road vehicle (ORV) crossings on two rivers in eastern Victoria, where many road crossings occur at low-level fords. Further, it provides a method whereby the amount of sediment redeposited downstream of a ford can be measured. Attention is drawn to the fact that sediment is contributed to the river by five major processes: the creation of wheel ruts and concentration of surface runoff, the existence, of tracks and exposed surfaces, the compaction and subsequent reduction in the infiltration rate of soils leading to increased surface runof! backwash from the vehicle, and undercutting of banks by bow wave action. The last two of these processes have not been reported previously. Sediment collection experiments in two Victorian upland rivers indicate a mean deposition rate at the stream bed of approximately 1000 g m2 over a period of 30 days. (KEY TERMS: off-road vehicle; sedimentation; river ford; environment; Victorian Highlands.)

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Effects of off-road vehicles in Ballinger Canyon, California

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Sediment Flux and Compaction Trends on Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) and Other Trails in an Appalachian Forest Setting

Sediment Flux and Compaction Trends on Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) and Other Trails in an Appalachian Forest Setting

Four-year soil erosion rates in a running-mountain trail in eastern Iberian Peninsula

RIVER‐BED SEDIMENTATION CAUSED BY OFF‐ROAD VEHICLES AT RIVER FORDS IN THE VICTORIAN HIGHLANDS, AUSTRALIA¹

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Effects of off-road vehicles in Ballinger Canyon, California

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Sediment Flux and Compaction Trends on Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) and Other Trails in an Appalachian Forest Setting

Sediment Flux and Compaction Trends on Off-Road Vehicle (ORV) and Other Trails in an Appalachian Forest Setting

Four-year soil erosion rates in a running-mountain trail in eastern Iberian Peninsula

RIVER‐BED SEDIMENTATION CAUSED BY OFF‐ROAD VEHICLES AT RIVER FORDS IN THE VICTORIAN HIGHLANDS, AUSTRALIA1

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RIVER‐BED SEDIMENTATION CAUSED BY OFF‐ROAD VEHICLES AT RIVER FORDS IN THE VICTORIAN HIGHLANDS, AUSTRALIA¹