Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cornish, Stephen M.; Cordingley, Dean M.; Shaw, Keely A.; Forbes, Scott C.; Leonhardt, Taylor; Bristol, Ainsley; Candow, Darren G.; Chilibeck, Philip D.

doi:10.3390/nu14112221

Cited by 40 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Notably, our observed FOS-mediated strength increases compared to other studies are ostensibly due to the skeletal muscle LC n-3 PUFA incorporation, likely facilitated by our more optimal dosing regimen. In line with our results, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, albeit in older adults, found that FOS does not increase LBM; however, it does improve strength with or without RET [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The effect of fish oil supplementation on resistance training-induced adaptations

Heileson

Machek

Harris

et al. 2023

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background Resistance exercise training (RET) is a common and well-established method to induce hypertrophy and improvement in strength. Interestingly, fish oil supplementation (FOS) may augment RET-induced adaptations. However, few studies have been conducted on young, healthy adults. Methods A randomized, placebo-controlled design was used to determine the effect of FOS, a concentrated source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), compared to placebo (PL) on RET-induced adaptations following a 10-week RET program (3 days·week −1 ). Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (LBM, fat mass [FM], percent body fat [%BF]) and strength was measured by 1-repetition maximum barbell back squat (1RM SQT ) and bench press (1RM BP ) at PRE (week 0) and POST (10 weeks). Supplement compliance was assessed via self-report and bottle collection every two weeks and via fatty acid dried blood spot collection at PRE and POST. An a priori α-level of 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance and Cohen’s d was used to quantify effect sizes (ES). Results Twenty-one of 28 male and female participants (FOS, n = 10 [4 withdrawals]; PL, n = 11 [3 withdrawals]) completed the 10-week progressive RET program and PRE/POST measurements. After 10-weeks, blood EPA+DHA substantially increased in the FOS group (+109.7%, p < .001) and did not change in the PL group (+1.3%, p = .938). Similar between-group changes in LBM (FOS: +3.4%, PL: +2.4%, p = .457), FM (FOS: −5.2%, PL: 0.0%, p = .092), and %BF (FOS: −5.9%, PL: −2.5%, p = .136) were observed, although, the between-group ES was considered large for FM ( d = 0.84). Absolute and relative (kg·kg [body mass] −1 ) 1RM BP was significantly higher in the FOS group compared to PL (FOS: +17.7% vs. PL: +9.7%, p = .047; FOS: +17.6% vs. PL: +7.3%, p = .011; respectively), whereas absolute 1RM SQT was similar between conditions (FOS: +28.8% vs. PL: +20.5%, p = .191). Relative 1RM SQT was higher in the FOS group (FOS: +29.3% vs. PL: +17.9%, p = .045). Conclusions When combined with RET, FOS improves absolute and relative 1RM upper-body and relative 1RM lower-body strength to a greater extent than that observed in the PL group of young, recreationally trained adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The effect of fish oil supplementation on resistance training-induced adaptations

Heileson

Machek

Harris

et al. 2023

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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“…Since plateau effects of protein anabolism are known [ 12 ], one explanation may be that maximal rates of muscle protein synthesis were already reached with protein intakes above 1.5 g/kg bw in both our protein-enriched groups. Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis concluded that omega-3 supplementation improves leg strength, but to a lesser extent when combined with resistance exercise, since exercise is already a strong anabolic stimulus [ 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, a diet-induced higher inflammatory burden is associated with systemic inflammation [ 14 ] as well as with reduced muscle mass and function in healthy old adults [ 15 ]. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and have been shown to improve leg strength and CRT time in old adults [ 16 ]. Smith et al [ 17 ] experimentally demonstrated that omega-3 supplementation (3.4 g/day) potentiates muscle protein synthesis in old adults following a hyper-aminoacidemic, hyper-insulinemic clamp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smith et al [ 17 ] experimentally demonstrated that omega-3 supplementation (3.4 g/day) potentiates muscle protein synthesis in old adults following a hyper-aminoacidemic, hyper-insulinemic clamp. Different trials showed positive effects of omega-3 alone or combined with resistance exercise on lean mass, strength, or muscle function [ 16 ]. However, previous results from exercise and nutrition research are conflicting, and intervention studies combining vibration exercise and dietary modifications with omega-3 and protein supplementation that focus on muscle power in old adults still have to be performed [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of an Omega-3 Supplemented, High-Protein Diet in Combination with Vibration and Resistance Exercise on Muscle Power and Inflammation in Old Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

et al. 2022

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Background: Inflammaging is considered to drive loss of muscle function. Omega-3 fatty acids exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we examined the effects of eight weeks of vibration and home-based resistance exercise combined with a whey-enriched, omega-3-supplemented diet on muscle power, inflammation and muscle biomarkers in community-dwelling old adults. Methods: Participants were randomized to either exercise (3x/week, n = 20), exercise + high-protein diet (1.2–1.5 g/kg, n = 20), or exercise + high-protein and omega-3-enriched diet (2.2 g/day, n = 21). Muscle power (watt/m²) and chair rise test (CRT) time (s) were assessed via CRT measured with mechanography. Furthermore, leg strength (kg/m²) and fasting concentrations of inflammatory (interleukin (IL-) 6, IL-10, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1)) and muscle biomarkers (insulin-like growth factor (IGF-) 1, IGF-binding protein-3, myostatin) were assessed. Results: Sixty-one participants (70.6 ± 4.7 years; 47% men) completed the study. According to generalized linear mixed models, a high-protein diet improved leg strength and CRT time. Only IGF-1 increased with additional omega-3. Sex-specific analyses revealed that muscle power, IL-6, IL-6/IL-10 ratio, and HMGB-1 improved significantly in the male high-protein, omega-3-enriched group only. Conclusion: Vibration and home-based resistance exercise combined with a high-protein, omega-3-enriched diet increased muscle power and reduced inflammation in old men, but not in old women. While muscle biomarkers remained unchanged, a high-protein diet combined with exercise improved leg strength and CRT time.

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“…In contrast, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) decrease the adverse effects of sarcopenia by reducing inflammation [ 38 ] and improving muscle strength and function in older adults with little effect on muscle mass [ 39 ]. In fact, eicosapentaenoic has been shown to have benefits against muscular atrophy caused by palmitic acid accumulation.…”

Section: Inflammation In Sarcopeniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation in Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Update

Jiménez-Gutiérrez

Martínez-Gómez

Martínez-Armenta

et al. 2022

Cells

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Sarcopenia is generally an age-related condition that directly impacts the quality of life. It is also related to chronic diseases such as metabolic dysfunction associated with diabetes and obesity. This means that everyone will be vulnerable to sarcopenia at some point in their life. Research to find the precise molecular mechanisms implicated in this condition can increase knowledge for the better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcopenia. Our work gathered the most recent research regarding inflammation in sarcopenia and new therapeutic agents proposed to target its consequences in pyroptosis and cellular senescence. Finally, we compared dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US) as imaging techniques to diagnose and follow up on sarcopenia, indicating their respective advantages and disadvantages. Our goal is for the scientific evidence presented here to help guide future research to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in sarcopenia, new treatment strategies, and their translation into clinical practice.

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Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 40 publications

References 56 publications

The effect of fish oil supplementation on resistance training-induced adaptations

The effect of fish oil supplementation on resistance training-induced adaptations

Effects of an Omega-3 Supplemented, High-Protein Diet in Combination with Vibration and Resistance Exercise on Muscle Power and Inflammation in Old Adults: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation in Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Update

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