Effects of opium consumption on coronary artery disease risk factors and oral health: Results of Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk factors Study a population-based survey on 5900 subjects aged 15-75 years

Abstract

Background:Opium abuse as a relatively common behavior among Iranian population may have an association with the other coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors. Here, we reported the prevalence of opium abuse and its co-exposures with oral health and other CAD risk factors.Methods:We recruited 5900 inhabitant aged 15-75 years using a randomized cluster household survey. All were interviewed for level of physical activity (PA), depression, anxiety and opium use and assessed for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and oral health status. Regarding to opium abuse, participants were grouped into: “Non-,” “occasional,” and “dependent” users. Using logistic regression model for every CAD risk factor, we assessed whether the co-exposure of opium and CAD risk factor is significant.Results:Overall, 10.6% reported ever opium use including 5.6% dependent and 5% occasional users. The prevalence of opium abuse was increased from 2.1% in 15-25 years to 24.5% in 55-64 years group. Opium abuse, in occasional and dependent forms, was associated with depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.81 and 2.49) and low PS (AOR 1.43 and 1.71 respectively). Dependents were less obese than nonusers (P < 0.01). Opium abuse had no significant association with hypertension, diabetes, oral health status and lipid profile.Conclusions:Opium abuse was associated with depression and low PA. No ameliorative effect was observed on hypertension, diabetes, and plasma lipid profile. Therefore, positive association of opium with depression and LPA and the incorrectness of belief on its ameliorative effect on three other important risk factors of CAD should be clearly highlighted in public health messages to the community.

The Impact of Opium Consumption on Blood Glucose, Serum Lipids and Blood Pressure, and Related Mechanisms

“…Most studies indicated that opium addiction had no significant relation with the rate of hypertension (Davoodi et al, 2005 ; Masoomi et al, 2008 , 2015 ; Hosseini et al, 2011 ; Najafi and Sheikhvatan, 2012a , b ; Roohafza et al, 2013 ; Bayani et al, 2014 ; Javadi et al, 2014 ; Rahimi et al, 2014 ). In addition, in a more recent population-based study by the authors of this article on 5900 adult individuals, opium use had no significant association with hypertension in either occasional or dependent users (Najafipour et al, 2014 , 2015a ). One study revealed that hypertension was significantly more prevalent in opium users than non-users (Yousefzadeh et al, 2015 ) while some studies showed the opposite results (Shirani et al, 2010 ; Dehghani et al, 2013 ; Aghadavoudi et al, 2015 ).…”

“…One study showed the opposite result (Yousefzadeh et al, 2015 ), while the data gathered from some other studies have shown no relation between opium addiction and the rate of diabetes mellitus (Davoodi et al, 2005 ; Javadi et al, 2014 ; Masoomi et al, 2015 ). In a more recent population-based study by the authors of this article on 5900 individuals, opium consumption had no significant association with diabetes (Najafipour et al, 2015a ), yet the addicted people had a higher rate of uncontrolled diabetes (Najafipour et al, 2015b ).…”

“…The prevalence of dyslipidemia has also been reported differently in various studies, so that in some, no association was found between opium addiction and prevalence of dyslipidemia (Hosseini et al, 2011 ; Najafi and Sheikhvatan, 2012a ; Bayani et al, 2014 ; Javadi et al, 2014 ; Najafipour et al, 2015a ). In a few researches, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was lower (Maccaria et al, 1991 ; Dehghani et al, 2013 ; Rahimi et al, 2014 ), and in some others, the prevalence was higher in opium addicts (Aghadavoudi et al, 2015 ).…”

The effects of opium on the cardiovascular system: a review of side effects, uses, and potential mechanisms

“…Lifestyle Opium is a CNS suppressant and can decrease physical activity in addicted individuals, which increases the risk of CVDs [40]. In a study, depression, reduction of physical activity, and obesity were all reported in addicted patients [76]. Also, some studies showed that opium users followed treatment and nutrition advice and performed cardiovascular activities less than others [3,51].…”

Association between tooth loss and opium addiction: Results of a community-based study on 5900 adult individuals in South East of Iran in 2015

“…[ 8 ] The belief that opium consumption has preventive effects on diseases such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension is common among lay Iranian people contributing to the high prevalence of opium use in this population. [ 10 ] Furthermore, unlike alcohol consumption, opium use is not forbidden even in religious people. Therefore, self-reported opium use is considered to be a reliable method.…”