Effects of oral administration of metronidazole on small intestinal bacteria and nutrients of cats

Johnston, Karen L.; Lamport, A. I.; Ballèvre, Olivier; Batt, R. M.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1106

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, recent studies have shown that the total Volume 26, Number 2, May 2011 number of bacteria is very variable and can exceed those numbers from time to time even in healthy dogs or cats. [66][67][68] Therefore, to make a diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth, bacterial counts of duodenal juice should be above 2.7 ϫ 10 9 cfu/mL or 1.1 ϫ 10 9 cfu/mL in dogs and cats, respectively. 66 Moreover, aside from quantification of the total number of bacteria, imbalances between the different species of the intestinal bacterial populations are probably also important.…”

Section: Tests Of Bacterial Overgrowthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases

Dossin

2011

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine

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The panel of laboratory tests available for diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in dogs and cats is wide, and, recently, several new tests have been developed. This article will focus on advances in laboratory tests that are available for the general practitioner for diagnosis of GI diseases. Laboratory tests for diagnosis of gastric and intestinal infectious diseases include fecal parasite screening tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for parvoviral enteritis, and some specific bacterial tests like fluorescent in situ hybridization for identification of specific bacteria attached to the intestinal epithelial cells. Serum concentrations of folate and cobalamin are markers of intestinal absorption, but are also changed in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Hypocobalaminemia is common in GI and pancreatic disease. Decreased serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity is a very sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs and cats. Serum pancreatic lipase is currently the most sensitive and specific test to identify pancreatic cell damage and acute pancreatitis. However, serum canine pancreas-specific lipase is less sensitive in canine chronic pancreatitis. Increased serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity is also specific for pancreatic damage but is less sensitive. It is very likely that further studies will help to better specify the role of these new tests in the diagnosis of canine and feline pancreatic diseases.

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Section: Tests Of Bacterial Overgrowthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases

Dossin

2011

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine

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“…The present study set out to determine if compression coating immediate‐release RDZ tablets with guar gum could modify the RDZ release to target the colon in healthy cats using pharmacokinetic methods after a single dose. Because metronidazole, another nitroimidazole drug, significantly decreases aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts in the duodenum of healthy cats, we were concerned that repeated RDZ dosing could sufficiently alter colonic flora with repeated administration, which would alter guar gum digestion and prevent RDZ release (Johnston et al ., ). Previous in vitro studies with rat caecal contents have shown that administration of either metronidazole or tinidazole interferes with degradation of guar gum matrix tablets by colonic bacteria (Krishnaiah et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ronidazole pharmacokinetics in cats following delivery of a delayed‐release guar gum formulation

Papich

LeVine

Gookin

et al. 2012

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Ronidazole (RDZ) is the only known effective treatment for feline diarrhea caused by Tritrichomonas foetus. This study aimed to develop guar gum-coated colon-targeted tablets of RDZ and to determine the pharmacokinetics of this delayed-release formulation in cats. Guar gum-coated tablets were administered orally once to five healthy cats (mean dose 32.3 mg/kg). The tablets were then administered once daily for 5 days to four cats (mean dose 34.5 mg/kg), and absorption studies repeated on day 5. Plasma was collected and analyzed for RDZ concentration, and pharmacokinetic noncompartmental and deconvolution analysis were performed on the data. There was negligible RDZ release until after 6 h, and a delayed peak plasma concentration (mean Cmax 28.9 μg/mL) at approximately 14.5 h, which coincides with colonic arrival in cats. Maximum input rate (mg/kg per hour) occurred between 6 and 16 h. This delayed release of ronidazole from guar gum-coated tablets indicates that release of RDZ may be delayed to deliver the medication to a targeted area of the intestine. Repeated dosing with guar gum tablets to steady-state did not inhibit drug bioavailability or alter the pharmacokinetics. Such targeted RDZ drug delivery may provide improved efficacy and reduce adverse effects in cats.

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“…It is reasonable to attribute some of these differences, as those between FISH-and PCR-based methods, to differences in technology, with the most likely explanation being that the Table 1. The microbiota present in the feline small intestine based on culture Osbaldiston and Stowe (1971) Papasouliotis et al Data are cited from Osbaldiston and Stowe (1971), Papasouliotis et al (1998), and Johnston et al (2000). N/A: data were not available, ND: organism was not detected.…”

Section: Studies Involving Molecular Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have evaluated the bacterial composition of the proximal part of the small intestine, the colon and feces (Osbaldiston and Stowe, 1971;Terada et al, 1993;Sparkes et al, 1998a, b;Johnston et al, 2000Johnston et al, , 2001. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the results of those studies.…”

Section: Composition Of the Gi Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline gastrointestinal microbiota

Minamoto

Hooda

Swanson

et al. 2012

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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AbstractThe close relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and its host has an impact on the health status of an animal that reaches beyond the GI tract. A balanced microbiome stimulates the immune system, aids in the competitive exclusion of transient pathogens and provides nutritional benefits to the host. With recent rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing technology, molecular approaches have become the routinely used tools for ecological studies of the feline microbiome, and have revealed a highly diverse and complex intestinal ecosystem in the feline GI tract. The major bacterial groups are similar to those found in other mammals, withFirmicutes,Bacteroidetes,ActinobacteriaandProteobacteriaconstituting more than 99% of intestinal microbiota. Several nutritional studies have demonstrated that the feline microbiota can be modulated by the amount of soluble fibers (i.e., prebiotics) and macronutrients (i.e., protein content) in the diet. Initial clinical studies have suggested the presence of a dysbiosis in feline inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recently, metagenomic approaches have attempted to characterize the microbial gene pool. However, more studies are needed to describe the phylogenetic and functional changes in the intestinal microbiome in disease states and in response to environmental and dietary modulations. This paper reviews recent studies cataloging the microbial phylotypes in the GI tract of cats.

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Effects of oral administration of metronidazole on small intestinal bacteria and nutrients of cats

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases

Laboratory Tests for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases

Ronidazole pharmacokinetics in cats following delivery of a delayed‐release guar gum formulation

Feline gastrointestinal microbiota

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