Effects of overtraining on reversal and extradimensional shifts in schizophrenics.

Nolan, John D.

doi:10.1037/h0029359

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Possible effects of endocrine changes on visual memory were assessed using forms C and E of the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) (Benton, 1955) with modified instructions to prevent ceiling effects, as described elsewhere (Veith et aL, 1978a). Also, a concept formation task, considered to be sensitive to visual attentional state (Mackintosh, 1965(Mackintosh, , 1969Nolan, 1970) was administered. Two comparable forms (Nolan et al, 1978), employing stimuli which varied across the dual dimensions of either weight-length or color-form, were used.…”

Section: Rt=u× +F3mentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of endogenous ACTH levels to visual-attentional functioning in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Veith

Sandman

George

et al. 1985

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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The within subject experimental approach of either doubling cortisone medication dose or withdrawing steroid treatment for 36 hr preceding behavioral testing was found to induce corresponding significantly elevated or suppressed plasma ACTH levels, as measured by radioimmunoassay, in six of eight adults diagnosed as having congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). During the session characterized by elevated ACTH levels, the CAH patients exhibited significantly reduced median reaction times on the Sternberg Item Recognition Task. Their response pattern was suggestive of facilitated visual attentional functioning and/or overt motor response capacity rather than alteration of simple cognitive processing. Moreover, Sternberg performance was significantly correlated with endogenous ACTH levels but not with levels of plasma cortisol or cortisone replacement medication. This enhancement of performance paralleled a previous finding of improved performance on the Sternberg paradigm by normal adults following exogenous administration of ACTH 4-10 (Ward et al., 1979). Further analysis of the Sternberg performance suggests that other variables such as mineralocorticoid treatment, type of CAH impairment, and sex may act to moderate the degree of ACTH-related facilitation on this task. Performance on other visual and verbal attention and memory tasks, found earlier to be sensitive indices of exogenous administration of ACTH 4-10 and related fragments, was not significantly altered by manipulation of endogenous ACTH levels in these CAH patients.

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Section: Rt=u× +F3mentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of endogenous ACTH levels to visual-attentional functioning in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Veith

Sandman

George

et al. 1985

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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“…According to attention theory, increasingly strong attention responses should result in facilitated reversal shifts, coupled with progressively slower extradimensional shift learning (Zeaman and House, 1963, p. 194). Results consistent with this prediction from attention theory have been obtained when dimensional attention was strengthened by increasing dimensional salience (Caron, 1969) or by providing overtraining on the original discrimination (Nolan, 1970). In both instances, the procedures which increased dimensional attention facilitated reversal shifts, but made extradimensional shifts more difiicult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Correspondingly middle class children might be expected to learn extradimensional shifts more slowly than would lower class children, since dimensional attention responses, while they clearly seem to facilitate reversal shifts, may also impede extradimensional shifts (e.g. Caron, 1969;Nolan, 1970).…”

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confidence: 99%

Reversal and Extradimensional Shifts in Two Socioegonomic Groups of Preschool Children*

Bobula¹,

Heye²,

Nolan

1972

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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SUMMARY Low and middle socio economic status preschool children learned color and form discriminations, followed by either reversal (R) or extradimensional (ED) shifts. The low socioeconomic status children learned the original discrimination somewhat more slowly than did the middle class children. The middle class children learned the R shift significantly faster than the ED shift but the lower class children did not. However, the lower class children learned the extradimensional shift significantly faster than did the middle class children, whereas there was no difference between the two socioeconomic groups in speed of reversal learning.

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“…Other researchers have examined the detrimental effects of distraction and increasing problem complexity on schizophrenics' performance (Chapman & McGhie, 1962;McGhie, Chapman, & Lawson, 1965;Neale, Mclntyre, Fox, & Cromwell, 1969) to support the view that schizophrenics suffer from some attention deficit. Others have examined the attention deficit view by assessing schizophrenics' ability to shift set (Furth & Youniss, 1968;Nolan, 1968Nolan, , 1970Nolan, , 1974. Using discrimination-learning problems, Nolan (1970) reported that schizophrenics had difficulty shifting set.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others have examined the attention deficit view by assessing schizophrenics' ability to shift set (Furth & Youniss, 1968;Nolan, 1968Nolan, , 1970Nolan, , 1974. Using discrimination-learning problems, Nolan (1970) reported that schizophrenics had difficulty shifting set. Unfortunately, Nolan mixed and confounded reversal and extradimensional shift tasks so that it is difficult to compare his results with studies using normal subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Problem-solving characteristics of process and reactive schizophrenics and affective-disordered patients.

King¹,

Phillips²

1985

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenic patients have been attributed to deficiencies in selective attention and utilization of logic. These hypotheses prompted a comparison of problem solving by three diagnostic groups: 30 process schizophrenics, 30 reactive schizophrenics and 30 affective-disordered patients, all with comparable histories of institutionalization. All of the patients were presented with two-dimensional and four-dimensional discrimination-learning problems. Blank-trial probes, inserted after each feedback trial, provided an assessment of information processing. Regression analyses, adjusting for the effects of age and IQ, revealed significant effects of diagnosis: The performance of process schizophrenics was similar to that of affective-disordered patients, whereas performance of reactive schizophrenics was generally inferior to that of the other two groups. This reflected the greater incidence of perseveration among reactive schizophrenics. Analysis of unadjusted data, however, yielded few significant effects of diagnosis. A significant effect of problem complexity was generally observed. In contrast to most previous reports, the present study, thus, did not detect cognitive deficits specific to schizophrenia.

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Effects of overtraining on reversal and extradimensional shifts in schizophrenics.

Cited by 14 publications

References 17 publications

The relationship of endogenous ACTH levels to visual-attentional functioning in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

The relationship of endogenous ACTH levels to visual-attentional functioning in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Reversal and Extradimensional Shifts in Two Socioegonomic Groups of Preschool Children*

Problem-solving characteristics of process and reactive schizophrenics and affective-disordered patients.

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