Effects of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Temperature on the Mortality Responses of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Ecologically relevant measures of the physiological tolerance of light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, to high temperature extremes

“…contrast, Whiting et al (1991) compared the tolerance of eggs and 1st, 3rd and 5th instar larvae of a New Zealand population of E. postvittana to that of five endemic leafroller species at 40°C. Mean LT 99 values for all four life stages of all five endemic species ranged from a minimum of 2.2-6.1 h, whereas those for E. postvittana were significantly higher and ranged from 7 to 21 h, an estimate that was also substantially higher than the LT 90 values in our study at 40.4°C (3.1-7.6 h).…”

“…A number of studies have investigated the upper thermal tolerance of E. postvittana in the context of post-harvest control of fruit infestations, using temperature in combination with other stress factors (Whiting et al, 1991;Lester et al, 1995;Beckett and Evans, 1997;Alderson et al, 1998;Tabatabai et al, 2000). In contrast, only one study has been conducted on E. postvittana at an ecologically relevant high temperature, and in this case only a single temperature (Whiting et al, 1995).…”

Modified atmospheres for the posthavest disinfestation of New Zealand persimmons

“…Storage with and without ~ scrubbers at 20°C followed by coolstorage at o°c. ' Whiting et al (1991) have shown for leafrollers that a reduction in ~, rather than an increase in CO 2 , played a major role in enhancing insect mortality, and that an increase of 1 % ~ at these low O 2 levels extended the time to kill LBAM larvae significantly. Since MA conditions generated by the scrubber and fruit did not generate an ~ atmosphere as low as 0.5% recorded under CA, insect survival was consequently higher.…”

“…A calibrated mixture of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and air was mixed in a. copper manifold by turbulent flow, and passed through each chamber at the rate of one complete gas change every 2 h to achieve the reqIJired CA composition. The gas composition inside the CA system was monitored daily by injecting a sample into a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu GC-8A) (Whiting et al 1991).…”

Quarantine pests of tropical and subtropical fruits and their control

“…There is also evidence that a heat treatment under anoxic conditions reduces the production of heat shock proteins in insects (Thomas and Shellie, 2000), and elevated CO 2 atmospheres may interfere with the insects' ability to produce ATP (Friedlander, 1993;Zhou et al , 2000;. Heat treatments combined with an anoxic environment can provide quarantine security more rapidly than a heat treatment or an MA/CA treatment alone (Lay-Yee and Moss and Jang, 1991;Sonderstrom et al , 1992;Whiting et al , 1991;1996;Whtitng and Hoy, 1997;Yocum and Denlinger, 1994).…”