Effects of Oxygen in Relation to Temperature on the Development of Embryos of Brook Trout and Rainbow Trout

Garside, E. T.

doi:10.1139/f66-105

Cited by 67 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Undoubtedly, the fluctuating temperature regimes used by Smith and Fahay (1970) and Smigielski (1975) prolonged the development period, although other abiotic factors could account for some of the differences. For example, dissolved oxygen content, which was not determined in any of the studies, has been shown to alter development times by as much as 31 V0 (Garside, 1966).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Yolk Utilization in Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) Embryos and Larvae Reared at Two Temperatures

Johns¹,

Howell²

1980

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The influence of rearing temperature on growth and yolk utilization in embryos and larvae of the summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus has been investigated. Rates of development, growth and yolk conversion efficiencies were determined for embryos and larvae reared at 16' and 21 ' C . Larvae reared at 21 "C completed total yolk absorption sooner than did larvae reared at 16 "C. However, no significant differences were found in total body length, ash-free dry weight or yolk utilization efficiency for larvae from the two groups. The similarity in growth and yolk utilization efficiency for larvae reared at the two temperatures suggests that the physiological mechanisms involved are able to compensate for temperature changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Yolk Utilization in Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) Embryos and Larvae Reared at Two Temperatures

Johns¹,

Howell²

1980

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…1) (Garside, 1966;Miller et al, 2008), as well as distinct alterations of the blood-O 2 transport system. The first possibility is that the decrease in overall Hb concentration and retention of embryonic erythrocytes in stage-matched hypoxia-reared larvae may be associated with a general metabolic depression.…”

Section: Early Ontogenetic Strategies For Coping With Hypoxiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia delays hematopoiesis: retention of embryonic hemoglobin and erythrocytes in larval rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during chronic hypoxia exposure

Bianchini

Wright

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYIn rainbow trout development, a switch occurs from high-affinity embryonic hemoglobin (Hb) and round, embryonic erythrocytes to lower-affinity adult Hb and oval, adult erythrocytes. Our study investigated the early ontogeny of rainbow trout blood properties and the hypoxia response. We hypothesized that hypoxia exposure would delay the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes because retention of high-affinity embryonic Hb would facilitate oxygen loading. To test this hypothesis we developed a method of efficiently extracting blood from individual embryos and larvae and optimized several techniques for measuring hematological parameters on microliter (0.5-2.0 μl) blood samples. In chronic hypoxia (30% of oxygen saturation), stage-matched embryos and larvae possessed half the Hb concentration, erythrocyte counts and hematocrit observed in normoxia. Hypoxia-reared larvae also had threefold to sixfold higher mRNA expression of the embryonic Hb α-1, β-1 and β-2 subunits relative to stage-matched normoxia-reared larvae. Furthermore, in hypoxia, the round embryonic erythrocytic shape persisted into later developmental stages. Despite these differences, Hb-oxygen affinity (P 50 ), cooperativity and the Root effect were unaltered in hypoxia-reared O. mykiss. The data support our hypothesis that chronic hypoxia delays the ontogenetic turnover of Hb and erythrocytes, but without the predicted functional consequences (i.e. higher than expected P 50 ). These results also suggest that the Hb-oxygen affinity is protected during development in chronic hypoxia to favor oxygen unloading at the tissues. We conclude that in early trout development, the blood-oxygen transport system responds very differently to chronic hypoxia relative to adults, possibly because respiration depends relatively more on oxygen diffusion than convection.

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“…Hypoxia delays development in fishes (e.g. Alderdice et al, 1958;Garside, 1959Garside, , 1966Silver et al, 1963;Miller et al, 2011;Bianchini and Wright, 2013;Robertson et al, 2014). In contrast, embryos of amphibious fishes may experience relatively high oxygen availability if deposited out of water because the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in air is ∼8000 times higher than in water, and boundary layers in air are also much smaller (Dejours, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish embryos on land: terrestrial embryo deposition lowers oxygen uptake without altering growth or survival in the amphibious fishKryptolebias marmoratus

Wells

Turko

Wright

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Few teleost fishes incubate embryos out of water, but the oxygen-rich terrestrial environment could provide advantages for early growth and development. We tested the hypothesis that embryonic oxygen uptake is limited in aquatic environments relative to air using the selffertilizing amphibious mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, which typically inhabits hypoxic, water-filled crab burrows. We found that adult mangrove rivulus released twice as many embryos in terrestrial versus aquatic environments and that air-reared embryos had accelerated developmental rates. Surprisingly, air-reared embryos consumed 44% less oxygen and possessed larger yolk reserves, but attained the same mass, length and chorion thickness. Water-reared embryos moved their opercula ∼2.5 more times per minute compared with air-reared embryos at 7 days post-release, which probably contributed to the higher rates of oxygen uptake and yolk utilization we observed. Genetically identical air-and waterreared embryos from the same parent were raised to maturity, but the embryonic environment did not affect growth, reproduction or emersion ability in adults. Therefore, although aspects of early development were plastic, these early differences were not sustained into adulthood. Kryptolebias marmoratus embryos hatched out of water when exposed to aerial hypoxia. We conclude that exposure to a terrestrial environment reduces the energetic costs of development partly by reducing the necessity of embryonic movements to dispel stagnant boundary layers. Terrestrial incubation of young would be especially beneficial to amphibious fishes that occupy aquatic habitats of poor water quality, assuming low terrestrial predation and desiccation risks.

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Effects of Oxygen in Relation to Temperature on the Development of Embryos of Brook Trout and Rainbow Trout

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

Yolk Utilization in Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) Embryos and Larvae Reared at Two Temperatures

Yolk Utilization in Summer Flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) Embryos and Larvae Reared at Two Temperatures

Hypoxia delays hematopoiesis: retention of embryonic hemoglobin and erythrocytes in larval rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, during chronic hypoxia exposure

Fish embryos on land: terrestrial embryo deposition lowers oxygen uptake without altering growth or survival in the amphibious fishKryptolebias marmoratus

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