Effects of oxygenate and aromatic content on engine-out aldehyde emissions from pure, binary, and ternary mixtures of ethanol, toluene, and iso-octane

Shankar, Varun; Leach, Felix

doi:10.4271/2023-32-0029

SAE Technical Paper Series

2023

DOI: 10.4271/2023-32-0029

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Effects of oxygenate and aromatic content on engine-out aldehyde emissions from pure, binary, and ternary mixtures of ethanol, toluene, and iso-octane

Varun Shankar,

Felix Leach

Abstract: <div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Sustainable fuel components, such as ethanol, can be blended into gasoline to help reduce fossil fuel consumption. Aldehydes are both observed emissions and major intermediates in the oxidation of gasoline/ethanol fuel mixtures and are solely attributed to the fuel’s alcohol content.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This study aims to evaluate the direct impact of toluene, iso-octane, and ethanol on engine-out formaldehyd… Show more

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Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

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Ammonia Emissions from Combustion in Gasoline Engines

Bajwa,

Shankar,

Leach

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Forthcoming worldwide emissions regulations will start regulating ammonia emissions from light duty vehicles. At present, most light duty vehicles are powered by gasoline spark ignition engines. Sources of ammonia emission from such engines can be in-cylinder reactions (i.e. combustion) or downstream reactions across aftertreatment devices, particularly three-way catalysts. The latter has been known to be a major source of ammonia emissions from gasoline vehicles and has been extensively investigated. The former (combustion), less so, and thus is the subject of this work. A two-zone thermodynamic spark ignition engine model with a comprehensive chemical kinetics framework (C3MechV3.3 mechanism), after being validated against experimental ammonia emissions data, is used to study ammonia formation during combustion. Reaction pathways responsible for its generation are analysed and the effects of changing the following engine operational and combustion parameters are explored: engine load, start of combustion, combustion duration, fuel-air equivalence ratio, and exhaust gas recirculation fraction.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Ammonia production was found to be slower than that of other major pollutant species - starting late during the heat release stage, peaking around the time when the cylinder pressures and temperatures were at their highest, and having a late, prolonged production stage after the end of heat release. Ammonia concentrations did not ‘freeze’ until late into the expansion process. Initial ammonia production was driven by three body elementary reactions involving hydrogen radicals produced from the fuel oxidation/reduction, and the late-stage production was dominated by H<sub>2</sub>O reactions with amino radicals. The net effect of these production pathways on ammonia emissions in response to changes in engine operation was non-monotonic and depended on the dominant pathway at the particular thermal conditions. However, overall trends suggested that emissions increased when engine load increased, combustion duration shortened, combustion timing advanced, fuel-air mixture became richer and exhaust gas recirculation fraction decreased.</div></div>

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Ammonia Emissions from Combustion in Gasoline Engines

Bajwa,

Shankar,

Leach

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Comparing Real Driving Emissions from Euro 6d-TEMP Vehicles Running on E0 and E10 Gasoline Blends

Shankar,

Usen,

Molden

et al. 2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Several governments are increasing the blending mandate of renewable fuels to reduce the life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the road transport sector. Currently, ethanol is a prominent renewable fuel and is used in low-level blends, such as E10 (10 %v/v ethanol, 90 %v/v gasoline) in many parts of the world. However, the exact concentration of ethanol amongst other renewable fuel components in commercially available fuels can vary and is not known.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To understand the impact of the renewable fuel content on the emissions from Euro 6d-TEMP emissions specification vehicles, this paper examines the real-driving emissions (RDE) from four 2020 to 2022 model-year vehicles run on E0 and E10 fuels. CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, NO, and NO<sub>2</sub> were measured through a Portable Emissions Measuring System (PEMS). In addition, N<sub>2</sub>O, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other gaseous and particulate tailpipe emissions were measured and categorized in cold-start, urban, rural, and motorway segments with a proprietary system developed by Emissions Analytics. Engine-out emissions were also measured from a single-cylinder engine at steady-state low speed and load conditions.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The results show that the aldehydes, VOCs, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were greatest at cold-start and lowest at motorway conditions. The formaldehyde real-driving emissions increased by 14 % on average between the E0 and E10 fuels. However, the formaldehyde engine-out emissions were reduced for E10. Acetaldehyde real-driving emissions were below the detectable threshold for both E0 and E10 fuels, whereas, engine-out emissions increased for the E10. Whilst CO emissions presented inconsistent results across the cars and driving conditions, a reduction in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions with the E10 fuel was observed across all conditions. NOx emissions increased for E10 compared to the E0 fuel in urban conditions and the opposite was observed for the motorway conditions. These findings highlight the need for the co-development of emissions regulations as greater ethanol and other renewable fuel content is blended into gasoline.</div></div>

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Effects of oxygenate and aromatic content on engine-out aldehyde emissions from pure, binary, and ternary mixtures of ethanol, toluene, and iso-octane

Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

Ammonia Emissions from Combustion in Gasoline Engines

Ammonia Emissions from Combustion in Gasoline Engines

Comparing Real Driving Emissions from Euro 6d-TEMP Vehicles Running on E0 and E10 Gasoline Blends

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