Effects of oxygenated biofuel additives on soot formation: A comprehensive review of laboratory-scale studies

Xu, Lei; Wang, Yu; Liu, Dong

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122635

Cited by 42 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 481 publications

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“…Alcohols like isomers of propanol and butanol are attractive because of their favorable physical and chemical characteristics. 2 Isopropyl alcohol has been used as a substitute in a variety of studies. 3 It was discovered that enhancing the concentrations of n-heptane−isopropanol in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine decreases both the cylinder pressure and the volume of heat released.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of this, the main difficulty faced around the globe is developing an alternative fuel, which needs to meet a variety of requirements, including depleting fossil resources and the need to give energy to society. Alcohols like isomers of propanol and butanol are attractive because of their favorable physical and chemical characteristics …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alcohols like isomers of propanol and butanol are attractive because of their favorable physical and chemical characteristics. 2 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Areca Nutshell-Reduced Graphene Oxide, Isopropanol, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in an Internal Combustion Engine

Muralidharan¹,

Arumugam

Pasha

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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Regulations governing pollution, declining fossil fuel supply, and technological breakthroughs in renewable fuels all have a profound influence on the development of alternative fuels. This current research focuses on the influence of nanoadditives with alcohol in an exhaust gas recirculation-cooled engine. As nanoadditives have high thermal conductivity and alcohol has high oxygen content, they work synergistically to speed up the catalytic process and increase the combustion rate. The areca nutshell-reduced graphene oxide with a mass fraction of 25 pmm was ultrasonically blended with two isopropanol–diesel mixtures 10% isopropanol + 90% diesel (IDR10) and 20% isopropanol + 80% diesel (IDR20), respectively, and tested in a single-cylinder, 4-stroke internal-combustion engine at a typical injection timing of 23° TDC with an EGR rate of 20%. The results of experiments showed that IDR10 has better combustion and emission parameters than other fuel blends. Compared to other biodiesel blends, the IDR10 blend has 2.3% less BSFC and 2.45% more BTE. The IDR10 blend has lower HC emissions by 42.85%, CO emissions by 33.34%, NO x emissions by 2.42%, and smoke emissions by 15.4%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Areca Nutshell-Reduced Graphene Oxide, Isopropanol, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in an Internal Combustion Engine

Muralidharan¹,

Arumugam

Pasha

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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“…It is well-known that PAHs and soot are formed in flames of oxygen-containing fuels in smaller amounts than in flames of hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight. , This suggests using oxygenates as PAH and soot-reducing additives to traditional fuels. It was shown that the ability of oxygenates to influence the pathways of PAHs and soot formation depends not only on the number of oxygen atoms in a molecule but also on the chemical structure of the molecule itself. − In this regard, many studies have been devoted to the search and testing of oxygenated additives among alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones . Various representatives of these classes have been studied, either as individual fuels or as additives to the conventional hydrocarbon fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propylene Oxide Addition Effect on the Chemical Speciation of a Fuel-Rich Premixed n-Heptane/Toluene Flame

et al. 2022

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1,2-Propylene oxide (PO, C 3 H 6 O) is considered as a promising agent for improving fuel. In this work, the effect of PO additives on the species pool in a premixed burner-stabilized fuel-rich (ϕ = 1.6) flame fueled by n-heptane/ toluene mixture (7/3 by volume of liquids) at atmospheric pressure is studied by the flame-sampling molecular beam mass spectrometry and numerical modeling in order to get insight into the chemical aspects of the influence of oxygenates with an epoxy group on the formation of abundant intermediates (including PAH precursors) during combustion of fossil fuels. The flames with various loadings of PO in the fuel blend (from 0 to 16.3% in mole basis) are examined, and detailed kinetic mechanisms available in the literature are validated against the measurements of mole fraction profiles of reactants, major products, and many intermediate species. A higher reactivity of the fresh mixture and a reduction in the peak mole fractions of intermediates playing an important role in PAH formation (benzene, styrene, ethylbenzene, phenol, acetylene, diacetylene, etc.) are observed when PO is added. This was found to be due to simultaneously two factors: the partial replacement of "sooting" fuel (toluene, which is the main precursor of these species) with oxygenated additive, and the changes in the flame radical pool caused by PO addition. Propylene oxide additive was found to change the ratio between H, OH, O, and CH 3 toward an increase in the proportion of O and CH 3 . The detailed kinetic mechanisms considered in the work are found to overpredict the peak mole fraction of acetylene, a key species playing a crucial role in PAH growth. Its chemistry is revisited in order to provide a better prediction of C 2 H 2 and, as a result, PAHs.

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“…Alternatively, bioalcohols have been proved as effective additives for soot inhibition, in which OH radicals from alcohol can oxidize the precursors of soot particles . In addition, bioalcohols are beneficial for improving the engine fuel efficiency and the emission performance. , Recently, the effects of alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and butanol) addition to gasoline on soot distribution characteristics in laminar diffusion flames were investigated by Liu et al They found that the soot decreases significantly with the addition of alcohols and the alcohol’s carbon length determines the soot reducing ability, which follows the order of methanol > ethanol > n -butanol. Esarte et al experimentally studied the carbon deposition characteristics during the pyrolysis of acetylene mixed with methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n- butanol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Methanol Additives on Soot Inhibition during n-Decane Pyrolysis

Liu

Huo

Zhang

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The soot emission during fuel pyrolysis is harmful to the human health, environment, and engine fuel efficiency. In this work, the effect of methanol addition on soot inhibition of n-decane pyrolysis was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Thermal cracking and coking experiments of n-decane show that the coke mass decreases significantly with methanol addition. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that the oxidative radicals (OH, HCO, and CH2OH) from the methanol additive will oxidize the key precursors (such as C2H2, C3H3, and C5H5) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to stable oxides. Six key reactions were determined and found to play a key role in inhibiting the soot formation. The corresponding kinetic parameters were calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS level for kinetic simulations by adding to the CRECK model. The simulation results show that the mole fractions of C2H2, C3H3, C5H5, and BINs decrease significantly with methanol addition. It indicates that the methanol addition can inhibit the soot formation, which is in good agreement with the experimental findings. We hope that this comprehensive work can provide significant information for soot inhibition.

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Effects of oxygenated biofuel additives on soot formation: A comprehensive review of laboratory-scale studies

Cited by 42 publications

References 481 publications

Influence of Areca Nutshell-Reduced Graphene Oxide, Isopropanol, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in an Internal Combustion Engine

Influence of Areca Nutshell-Reduced Graphene Oxide, Isopropanol, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in an Internal Combustion Engine

Propylene Oxide Addition Effect on the Chemical Speciation of a Fuel-Rich Premixed n-Heptane/Toluene Flame

Effect of Methanol Additives on Soot Inhibition during n-Decane Pyrolysis

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