Effects of P-MAPA immunomodulator on Toll-like receptor 2, ROS, nitric oxide, MAPKp38 and IKK in PBMC and macrophages from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

“…In a human neutrophil study, it was reported that TLR2 can directly bind to lipophosphoglycan to promote signalling events (Becker et al 2003). In dogs, it was recently reported that the macrophages derived from peripheral blood from Leishmania infected dogs showed a decrease in TLR2 gene expression compared with healthy non-infected dogs (Melo et al 2014 b ). However, Amorim et al described high TLR2 expression in monocytes and granulocytes in Leishmania infected dogs in Brazil.…”

“…The most common drugs used for CanL are the meglumine antimoniate, miltefosine and allopurinol. However, in recent years attempts have been made to use immumodulatory molecules for treatment of CanL such as the protein aggregate magnesium-ammonium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride immumo-modulator (P-MAPA) (Santiago et al 2013) that appears to induce TLR2 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells (Favaro et al 2012) and in canine macrophages (Melo et al 2014 b ). The treatment with this immumodulator resulted in an improvement in clinical signs and a significant reduction in parasite load in the skin.…”

In vitro infection by Leishmania infantum in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages from crab-eating foxes ( Cerdocyon thous )

“…Recent researches describe monocyte differentiation into macrophages phenotypes, as well as macrophages activation and polarization under stimulus of different immunomodulators (Gordon and Martinez, 2010;Diaz et al, 2012;Melo et al, 2014;Murray et al, 2014).…”

Biogenic Synthesis of Important Environmental Minerals: Magnesium Phosphate Compounds and Perspectives

“…They were tested in culture with different concentrations of P-MAPA (20, 100 and 200 µg mL -1 ) at 37 °C with 5% CO 2 in a humid environment. 104 Leishmania-infected dogs exhibited a decrease in TLR2 in macrophages compared to healthy dogs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were large in PBMCs from Leishmania spp.-infected dogs compared to healthy dogs and P-MAPA.…”

“…All these data suggested that P-MAPA has potential as a therapeutic drug in the canine visceral leishmaniasis treatment. 104 The effects of daily immunomodulatory use on blood parameters and organs of Cebus apella (tufted capuchin monkey) were studied for a period of 30 days. In this study, animals received i.m.…”