Effects of partial sleep deprivation on slow waves during non-rapid eye movement sleep: A high density EEG investigation

Abstract

Objective Changes in slow waves during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in response to acute total sleep deprivation are well-established measures of sleep homeostasis. This investigation utilized high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) to examine topographic changes in slow waves during repeated partial sleep deprivation. Methods Twenty-four participants underwent a 6-day sleep restriction protocol. Spectral and period-amplitude analyses of sleep hdEEG data were used to examine changes in slow wave energy, count, amplitude, and slope relative to baseline. Results Changes in slow wave energy were dependent on the quantity of NREM sleep utilized for analysis, with widespread increases during sleep restriction and recovery when comparing data from the first portion of the sleep period, but restricted to recovery sleep if the entire sleep episode was considered. Period-amplitude analysis was less dependent on the quantity of NREM sleep utilized, and demonstrated topographic changes in the count, amplitude, and distribution of slow waves, with frontal increases in slow wave amplitude, numbers of high-amplitude waves, and amplitude/slopes of low amplitude waves resulting from partial sleep deprivation. Conclusions Topographic changes in slow waves occur across the course of partial sleep restriction and recovery. Significance These results demonstrate a homeostatic response to partial sleep loss in humans.

Sleep Modulation Alleviates Axonal Damage and Cognitive Decline after Rodent Traumatic Brain Injury

“…However, at first glance, it seems counterintuitive that pharmacological sleep induction and sleep restriction by gentle handling would result in similar improvements. Based on these results and previous findings (Vienne et al, 2010, Bellesi et al, 2013, Hodor et al, 2015, Plante et al, 2015, we then hypothesized that both conditions might produce deeper sleep; that is, increased delta power. In fact, we found that SI animals spent more time in SWS compared with the control group.…”

Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. What We Know and What We Need to Know: Findings from a National Working Group

“…Over the last 2 decades, the use of high-density EEG and sleep neuroimaging methods has steadily increased in both healthy and clinical populations [64][65][66][67]. Both approaches have further refined our understanding of the localized and neural underpinnings of healthy and disrupted sleep, as well as of circadian variations in brain functions [68][69][70].…”

Response to chronic sleep restriction, extension, and subsequent total sleep deprivation in humans: adaptation or preserved sleep homeostasis?

“…In these studies, sleep opportunity was 4 hr per night [14][15][16], 5 hr per night [17], and 4, 6, or 8 hr per night [5], and in most of these experiments, a homeostatic response in SWA was observed. The response to sleep restriction stabilizes quickly [5,18], which is in accordance with the exponential parameters of the homeostatic process in the two-process model.…”

“…To obtain a fair comparison between different conditions [16,17], SWA was averaged over the first 331 30 s epochs of NREM sleep (2.8 hr, i.e. the maximum number of NREM sleep epochs common to all nights; see Methods).…”

“…In humans, the effects of repeated sleep restriction on SWA has been investigated for restriction periods ranging from 2 to 14 days [5,[14][15][16][17]. In these studies, sleep opportunity was 4 hr per night [14][15][16], 5 hr per night [17], and 4, 6, or 8 hr per night [5], and in most of these experiments, a homeostatic response in SWA was observed.…”