Effects of perceived efficacy and prospect of success on detection in the Guilty Actions Test

Zvi, Liza; Nachson, Israel; Elaad, Eitan

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.12.010

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The findings from this study support the idea that strategy selection is based on the beliefs one holds over the test mechanism and that strategies translate into actual test behaviour (see Zvi, Nachson, & Elaad, , and Zvi, Nachson, & Elaad, , for similar findings in a physiological concealed memory detection test). However, it is noteworthy that detection accuracies for Level 2 strategies were not the same for both conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Resistance to coaching in forced‐choice testing

Orthey

Vrij

Meijer

et al. 2018

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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In forced-choice tests (FCTs), examinees are typically presented with questions with two equally plausible answer alternatives, of which only one is correct. The rationale underlying this test is that guilty examinees tend to avoid relevant crime information, producing a nonrandom response pattern. The validity of FCTs is reduced when examinees are informed about this underlying rationale, with coached guilty examinees refraining from avoiding the correct information but trying to provide a random mix of correct and incorrect answers. To detect such intentional randomization, a "runs" test-looking at the distribution of the number of alternations between correct and incorrect answers-has been suggested but with limited success. We designed a runs test based on distinguishing between patterns that look random and patterns that are random. Specifically, we alternated the horizontal presentation (i.e., presentation left or right on the screen) of the correct answer alternative between each trial.As a consequence, guilty examinees were faced with having to choose to randomize either between correct and incorrect answers-leading to chance performance-or between answers presented on the left or right, producing a pattern that "looks" random. As innocent examinees are unaware of the correct answers, they can only randomize between horizontal positions. Results showed that the number of correct items selected distinguished guilty from innocent examinees only when they were not informed about the underlying rationale. In contrast, alternations between correct and incorrect answers did distinguish informed guilty from innocent examinees. Incremental validity of the alternation criterion and theoretical implications are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Resistance to coaching in forced‐choice testing

Orthey

Vrij

Meijer

et al. 2018

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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“…To support the CIT efficiency conclusions, a method derived from Signal Detection Theory, known as the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) procedure, was employed. The ROC procedure has been used in previous CIT studies (e.g., Ben-Shakhar, 1977; Elaad and Ben-Shakhar, 1989, 1997, Vossel et al, 2003; Verschuere et al, 2007; Elaad, 2010; Zvi et al, 2012, 2015; Zvi and Elaad, 2016), and was recommended by the National Research Council Report (2003) as an appropriate method for describing the diagnostic value of polygraph tests. The ROC method defines detection efficacy as the degree of separation between the distributions of the responses to the critical items produced by the experimental and the control groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test

Elaad

Zvi

2019

Front. Psychol.

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Narcissistic dimensions and self-assessed lie and truth-telling and detecting abilities were used to predict deliberate attempts to influence the outcomes of the Concealed Information polygraph Test. In this study, which used a fabricated murder scenario, 241 examinees were randomly allocated to four experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two guilt conditions (guilty and innocent) were crossed with two countermeasures conditions (with or without countermeasure instructions). One group consisted of 120 informed guilty participants who were offered the opportunity to give a false response to neutral items by verbally answering “yes,” by which they falsely confirmed that the item is relevant to the murder case. Participants were told that frequent lying would confuse the polygraph and help them pass the test. Another informed guilty group (41 participants) was not given the opportunity to use countermeasures. Two control groups of 40 participants each were unaware of the critical items. One control group used countermeasures while the other did not. Narcissistic dimensions and self-assessed lie-telling ability correlated positively with frequent use of countermeasures. Conflicting results about the relation between countermeasure usage and physiological responses to critical items were obtained.

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“…The findings from this study support the idea that strategy selection is based on the beliefs one holds over the test mechanism and that strategies translate into actual test behavior (see Elaad, 2012 andElaad, 2015 for similar findings a physiological concealed memory detection test). However, it is noteworthy that detection accuracies for level 2 strategies were not the same for both conditions.…”

Section: Incremental Validitysupporting

confidence: 76%

Response strategies of instructed malingerers during forced choice testing

Orthey¹

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Effects of perceived efficacy and prospect of success on detection in the Guilty Actions Test

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Resistance to coaching in forced‐choice testing

Resistance to coaching in forced‐choice testing

Frequent Countermeasure Usage by Narcissistic Examinees in the Concealed Information Test

Response strategies of instructed malingerers during forced choice testing

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