Effects of Pesticides on Microorganisms in Soil and Water

Parr, J. F.

doi:10.2136/1974.pesticides.c12

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Pesticide biodegradation in water is associated with carbon dioxide evolution and oxygen uptake; hence, standard water quality parameters can be altered (Teater et al . 1958; Wainwright & Pugh 1973; Parr 1974). We surveyed existing literature to investigate the positive and negative effects of selected pesticides on nitrification (Figure 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated pest and disease management in aquaponics: A metadata‐based review

Folorunso

Roy

Gebauer

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hydroponics and aquaculture, but its commercialization is stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management. We reviewed integrated pest and disease management steps and techniques in hydroponics to qualify as suitable techniques for different aquaponic designs. Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs. Still, the use of chemical control methods remains highly complicated for all systems. We simulated 10–20% runoff concentrations of 9 pesticides in the common UVI design and compared them with NOEC, LC50 of fish. Endosulfan seems most toxic with runoff AI (20.7 μg L−1) exceeding LC50 (10.2 μg L−1) and NOEC (0.05 μg L−1). At 20% runoff, most chemical pesticides pose risks in aquaponic systems. Natural pesticides were also discussed as potential alternatives with low acute toxicity to fish, but little is known about their effects on water and bacteria. While insecticides and herbicides are replaceable by well‐established commercial biocontrol measures, fungicides and nematicides would still be relevant in aquaponics due to low efficiency of alternatives (e.g. natural enemies, entomopathogenic fungus). Monitoring and cultural control are the first approaches to contain pest population below the action threshold. Biological controls, in general, are adaptable to a larger extent. Further studies are required on how to utilize indigenous microbial community in aquaponics (dominated by Proteobacteria; effective at ~103–109 CFU mL−1) as a frontline defence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated pest and disease management in aquaponics: A metadata‐based review

Folorunso

Roy

Gebauer

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…Most of those workers who have reviewed the effects of pesticides on soil microorganisms (Parr, 1974;Brown, 1978;Edwards, 1989;Domsch, 1963Domsch, , 1983 have reported that soil fumigants and fungicides have much more drastic effects on soil microorganisms than insecticides or herbicides. These chemicals are applied to control certain specific soil microorganisms, they are usually used at high doses, and they are usually broad-spectrum biocides.…”

Section: Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are relatively few data on the toxicity of pesticides to microorganisms in aquatic environments (Parr, 1974). Much of the microbial activity is in the bottom sediments, and this is where pesticides in aquatic systems became concentrated, through runoff and erosion from agricultural land.…”

Section: Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Pesticides on the Environment

Edwards

The Pesticide Question

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Some of the organophosphate insecticides were first developed as nerve gases during the Second World War. They include parathion, diazinon, trichlorfon, phorate, carbophenothion, disulfoton, dimethoate, fenthion, thionazin, menazon, dyfonate, and chlorfenvinphos. Although these chemicals are much less persistent than the organochlorines, many of them have much higher mammalian toxicities and potential to kill birds and other wildlife. Some of them are systemic and taken up into plants. They have sometimes caused severe local environmental problems in contamination of water and local kills of wildlife, but most of their environmental effects have not been drastic, although they do sometimes contaminate human food. Pyrethroid InsecticidesThese are insecticides of very low mammalian toxicity and persistence. Since they are very toxic to insects they can be used at low dosages. Their main environmental impact occurs because they are broad-spectrum toxicants and are very toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. Since they affect a broad range of insects they may affect beneficial species, lessen natural control, and increase the need for chemical control measures. CarbamatesThese chemicals include not only insecticides, such as carbaryl, but also acaricides, fungicides, such as benomyl, and nematicides. They tend to be rather more persistent than the organophosphates in soil and they differ considerably in their mammalian toxicity. However, most of them tend to be broad-spectrum toxicants affecting quite different groups of organisms, so they have the potential for considerable environmental impact, particularly in soils. NematicidesSome soil nematicides, such as dichlopropene, methyl isocyanate, chloropicrin, and methyl bromide, act as soil fumigants. Others, such as aldicarb, dazomet, and metham sodium, are effective mainly through contact. All of them are of very high mammalian toxicity and have a broad spectrum of toxicity, killing organisms from an extremely wide range of taxa belonging to both the plant and animal kingdoms. Although very transient in soil, they can cause drastic localized ecological effects that may persist for several seasons. MolluscicidesTwo molluscicides are in common use against terrestrial molluscs, metaldehyde and methiocarb. Although the former is of high mammalian tox-

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“…Even though insecticides are often applied at relatively high rates to control subterranean insects, they do not generally inhibit popula tions of soil nitrifiers (Alexander, 1969;Parr, 1974). Chemicals for which this is true include 1,1,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), and benzenehexachloride (BHC), chlordane, heptachlor, dieldrin, schradan, parathion, zineb, and furadan (Hubbell et al, 1973;Pathak £t al., 1961;Audus, 1970).…”

Section: Effects On Nitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A testing program to determine the effects of pesticides on environmentally important bacteria

Grant

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Effects of Pesticides on Microorganisms in Soil and Water

Cited by 16 publications

References 65 publications

Integrated pest and disease management in aquaponics: A metadata‐based review

Integrated pest and disease management in aquaponics: A metadata‐based review

The Impact of Pesticides on the Environment

A testing program to determine the effects of pesticides on environmentally important bacteria

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