Effects of pH and Velocity on Corrosion of Steel Water Pipes

Eliassen, Rolf; Pereda, Clemente; Romeo, Amilcar J.; Skrinde, Rolf T.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1956.tb20314.x

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…There are very mixed results for the effect of flow velocity (see Eliassen et al (1956) and Pallo (1946) for a review). It is thought that two factors are dominant: increased flow provides more oxygen for the corrosion reaction, but it can also hasten the precipitation of a protective layer.…”

Section: Mixed Results Available On Effect Of Water Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

IRON PIPE corrosion IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

McNeill¹,

Edwards²

2001

Journal AWWA

265

112

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This literature review summarizes the results of 100 years of corrosion studies, citing information from almost 300 peer‐reviewed articles to provide the water industry with an updated understanding of factors that influence the complex process of iron pipe corrosion. These factors include water quality and composition, disinfectant residuals, pipe age, scale formation, temperature, flow conditions, biological activity, and corrosion inhibitors. The authors review the reported role of these factors and highlight discrepancies in the literature. The article also discusses corrosion indexes that are intended to help control corrosion. In particular, it reiterates conclusions of prior studies regarding the Langelier index. Although this index continues to be widely used, it does not provide an effective means of controlling iron corrosion. Finally, a review of potential implications of existing and upcoming regulations, including the Lead and Copper Rule, the Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule, and the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, for iron corrosion is also presented.

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Section: Mixed Results Available On Effect Of Water Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

IRON PIPE corrosion IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

McNeill¹,

Edwards²

2001

Journal AWWA

265

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…At slightly higher flow rates, however, the corrosion products form a protective layer at the steel surface and the metal loss is significantly reduced [19]. If the flow rate continues to increase, the water can scour away the protective scale [20].…”

Section: Effect Of Water Flow Ratementioning

confidence: 98%

The influence of flow rate on corrosion of mild steel in hot tap water

Vasyliev

2015

Corrosion Science

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“…Initial public complaints of red water were due to ferrous iron, ferric particulate rusts, and/or organic iron complexes from iron pipe corrosion, each of which has a characteristic bioavailability that could have stimulated L. pneumophila growth. − While temporal associations between higher iron, rapid loss of chlorine, and incidence of LD were noted in prior research studies, ,,− a close examination of the data reveals perplexing disease patterns in large health care facilities relative to single-family homes. Specifically, the 2015 outbreak was associated almost exclusively with exposure at one hospital (hospital A), whereas the 2014 outbreak also had substantial incidence among individuals whose residences received Flint water or were located in close proximity to several Flint cooling towers .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Copper Pipe, Lack of Corrosion Control, and Very Low pH May Have Influenced the Trajectory of the Flint Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreak

et al. 2022

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Uncertainties remain regarding factors influencing the Legionnaires' disease (LD) outbreaks in Flint, MI, after the city switched source waters and interrupted corrosion control. Notably, there was lower incidence of LD associated with residential versus hospital exposure in summer 2015 versus 2014. To test possible causes for this phenomenon, we designed a bench-scale study with an influent pH of 7.3, which demonstrated prolific growth of Legionella pneumophila in the presence of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe (10 3 cfu/mL), but 2-log lower L. pneumophila levels and >100 μg/L Cu 2+ with copper pipes. However, when phosphate was present with copper pipes, soluble copper and Cu 2+ levels decreased and L. pneumophila increased to a range comparable to that of PEX pipe. Additionally, we reveal that monthly LD incidence in Flint residences during the outbreak months was positively correlated with distribution system pH (R 2 = 0.67, p = 0.01). We hypothesized that copper service lines and pipes in residences provided biocidal levels of Cu 2+ at the very low pHs (7.3−6.9) in late summer 2015. Copper is rarely used in large service lines, point of entry pipes, or storage in hospitals where pH was not correlated to LD incidence. Interactions of pH, corrosion control, and pipe material should be considered in diagnosing LD outbreaks.

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Effects of pH and Velocity on Corrosion of Steel Water Pipes

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

IRON PIPE corrosion IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

IRON PIPE corrosion IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

The influence of flow rate on corrosion of mild steel in hot tap water

Copper Pipe, Lack of Corrosion Control, and Very Low pH May Have Influenced the Trajectory of the Flint Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreak

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