Effects of phase-locked loop bandwidth on error vector magnitude in transmitter

Evaluation of error vector magnitude due to combined IQ imbalances and phase noise

“…The integration of (8) over the Gaussian pdf (10) requires the integration of the third term which contains the cosj C and the sinj C terms. The integral containing the cosine term in (8) can be computed in [5] by using the integral formulae from [21] whereas the sine term integral is zero because of the odd integrand.…”

“…There is a great interest in the closed form solutions which provide fast results and an insight in terms of the sources of EVM degradation. EVM expressions that consider separately the effects of the IQ amplitude imbalances, the IQ phase imbalances and the phase noise have been presented in [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In this paper, the focus is on the expressions that combine the IQ amplitude, the phase, the DC offsets and the phase noise in one closed formula.…”

“…However, only the IQ amplitude and the phase imbalances can be adaptively adjusted to low values [13,14]. The phase noise probability density function considered in the previously reported EVM expressions was Gaussian [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]15] and suitable for the low-noise oscillator references. The phase noise in the phase-locked loop (PLL) systems has been shown to satisfy the Tikhonov distribution [16][17][18].…”