Effects of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) on the Neonate and Aspects of Teratogenic Actions

Thomas, J. A.; Wienckowski, D. B.; Gillies, B. A.; Thomas, M. J.; Youkilis, E. J.

doi:10.2307/3430189

Environmental Health Perspectives

1986

DOI: 10.2307/3430189

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Effects of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) on the Neonate and Aspects of Teratogenic Actions

J. A. Thomas¹,

D. B. Wienckowski²,

B. A. Gillies³

et al.

Abstract: A review of the literature reveals that several different phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are capable of causing testicular damage. Phthalate-induced zinc deficiency is consistent with germinal epithelial damage. Among experimental animals, mice perhaps show the greatest sensitivity to phthalate-induced terata, but high doses/exposure are required. Little toxicologic information is available with regard to phthalate-induced effects upon the neonate.

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“…However, the reproductive toxicity following exposure during development has not been addressed. Although no data are available specifically on the transfer of DBP across the placenta, studies with other phthalate esters show that these compounds readily cross the placenta of rats (15)(16)(17) (195) under the RACB protocol. This is expected in the RACB design because the Fo rats are exposed only as adults, the F1 rats are born to mothers that are treated during gestation and lactation, and the F1 animals themselves are treated during maturation to sexual maturity and through mating.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive Toxicity of Di-n-Butylphthalate in a Continuous Breeding Protocol in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Wine¹,

Li²,

Barnes³

et al. 1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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The esters of o-phthalic acid are employed extensively in the manufacture of plastics where they are used to impart flexibility. Since they are not covalently linked to the plastic polymer, they can leach from the matrix, providing opportunity for widespread exposure [see Thomas and Thomas (1) for review]. The phthalate ester di-nbutylphthalate (DBP) is used in the manufacture of consumer products as diverse as nail polish, insect repellents, and denture base material (2-4). DBP has recently been found to have clinical applications as well, selectively eliminating tumor cells from bone marrow (5,6).DBP has been previously characterized as a developmental and reproductive toxicant in the rat (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Comparable oral doses of DBP given to juvenile and adult male rats produces a testicular lesion characterized by early sloughing of germ cells, vacuolization of the Sertoli cell cytoplasm, and testicular atrophy (7,10). It has also been shown that the testicular toxicity of phthalates is age dependent, with immature animals being more sensitive than mature animals (13,14). However, the reproductive toxicity following exposure during development has not been addressed. Although no data are available specifically on the transfer of DBP across the placenta, studies with other phthalate esters show that these compounds readily cross the placenta of rats (15)(16)(17) (195) under the RACB protocol. This is expected in the RACB design because the Fo rats are exposed only as adults, the F1 rats are born to mothers that are treated during gestation and lactation, and the F1 animals themselves are treated during maturation to sexual maturity and through mating. The results of this DBP RACB study are presented below; the results show that structural defects are seen in the second generation rats that were not found in the first. MethodsGeneral. This study was conducted using the National Toxicology Program's RACB protocol for which the detailed methods have been previously described (20,21). Briefly, the protocol is composed of four segments, or tasks. Task 1 is a 14-day range-finding study that is used to set three dose levels used in Task 2. Task 2 is the 14-week continuous breeding phase, generating up to five litters per pair. Task 3 consists of crossover matings between treated and control Fo animals to determine the affected sex, and Task 4 assesses the fertility of the last litter (F1) born during continuous breeding (Task 2).Chemical. DBP was obtained from Chem Central via Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, MO, Lot/Batch # L-121 1-83/02). The purity of DBP used in preparation of the feed formulations was greater than 99% as determined by gas chromatography. Dosed feed formulations. DBP was blended into powdered NIH-07 (Zeigler Bros., Gardeners, PA) feed on a weight-to-

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confidence: 99%

Reproductive Toxicity of Di-n-Butylphthalate in a Continuous Breeding Protocol in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Wine¹,

Li²,

Barnes³

et al. 1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters in Soil and Peanut from Guangdong Province

Hai

Lin

et al. 2014

AMR

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This study investigated the contents of 5 phthalic acid esters in the soil and peanut from Ningxi and Huazhou farms. 5 PAEs were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in soil and peanut. The soil background concentrations of PAEs ranged from 0.438 to 1.624 mg/kg in Ningxi and that range in Huazhou was from 0.468 to 1.235 mg/kg. The results showed that BBP and DEHP were both the major PAEs, and DEHP was the major PAEs of both sites. PAEs in the soil of two sites were contaminated slightly. The PAEs contents in peanut kernels ranged from 2.466 to 8.888 mg/kg and 3.436 to 5.594 mg/kg, respectively. Results show that the order of PAEs concentration of peanut in the both sites was: root > stem > leave > shell.

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Effects of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) on the Neonate and Aspects of Teratogenic Actions

Cited by 2 publications

References 29 publications

Reproductive Toxicity of Di-n-Butylphthalate in a Continuous Breeding Protocol in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Reproductive Toxicity of Di-n-Butylphthalate in a Continuous Breeding Protocol in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters in Soil and Peanut from Guangdong Province

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