Effects of physiological purines on the development of the chick embryo

Karnofsky, David A.; Lacon, Corinne R.

doi:10.1016/0006-2952(61)90152-6

Cited by 23 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The teratogenic effects of sublethal doses of 2'-dAdo in chick embryos are consistent with previous studies by Karnofsky and Lacon (1961), although we have found that a much lower concentration of 2'-dAdo is lethal (0.375 mg/egg vs 1 mg/egg), probably because of the inclusion of dCF, which inhibits the breakdown of 2'-dAdo, in our study. It seems unlikely that dCF by itself is toxic, because injections of dCF at E3, when both adenosine and 2dAdo are toxic, do not produce a greater mortality than PBS injections; moreover, the same amount of dCF is present in all adenosine and 2'-dAdo injections, including those allowing nearly 100% survival at E6 1/2.…”

Section: Teratogenic Effects Of 2'-dado In Embryonic Chickenssupporting

confidence: 93%

2’-Deoxyadenosine causes cell death in embryonic chicken sympathetic ganglia and brain

et al. 1999

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Previous work has shown that nucleosides produce apoptosis in sympathetic ganglion (SG) cells in vitro. The present study examined the effects of nucleosides on the development of the chick embryo in vivo with special attention to the SG and the optic tectum of the central nervous system. In the presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, adenosine and 2'-deoxyadenosine (2'-dAdo) produced different toxicity patterns: both adenosine and 2'-dAdo were toxic to E3 embryos, but only 2'-dAdo was toxic at later stages (E6 1/2, E11). Dosage experiments on E6 1/2 embryos showed that adenosine was less toxic than 2'-dAdo and that 2'-dAdo in sublethal doses was teratogenic. We also examined the effects of 2'-dAdo on embryonic chicken SG and optic tectum in vivo to determine whether sublethal doses of 2'-dAdo produced cell death in these centers on E6 1/2 and 10. In the E6 1/2 SG, 2'-dAdo produced significant neuron loss (83%) and a decrease in SG volume (65%); however, at E10, there was only minor cell loss (7%) and no significant change in SG volume. In the optic tectum at E6 1/2, cell loss was confined mainly to the tectal ventricular zone, but there was little sign of cell loss in this organ at E10. Since cell production is vigorous in the SG and optic tectum at E6 1/2 but relatively low at E10, 2'-dAdo appears to work by stopping cell proliferation. The ineffectiveness of 2'-dAdo at E10 may result from the lethality of 2'-dAdo to the embryo at low concentrations (30 microM) in vivo, well below the apoptosis-inducing concentrations employed in vitro (100-300 microM). These data extend previous findings showing that purine and pyrimidine metabolism plays an important role in development.

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Section: Teratogenic Effects Of 2'-dado In Embryonic Chickenssupporting

confidence: 93%

2’-Deoxyadenosine causes cell death in embryonic chicken sympathetic ganglia and brain

et al. 1999

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“…One of these is the high DNA content of semen, which contains 150,000–300,000 ng/mL of DNA compared to 20,000–40,000 ng/mL in blood . Guanylic acid is a component of DNA that is known to be toxic to many organisms, including fly larvae and chick embryos , and it is possible that it is also detrimental to the health of adult flies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Food Preferences of the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina Offered Human Blood, Semen and Saliva, and Various Nonhuman Foods Sources

Durdle

Mitchell

Oorschot

2015

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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As human DNA profiles can be obtained from blow fly artifacts, this study aimed to establish the feeding preferences of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) blow flies when offered human biological fluids and nonhuman food sources. One-day-old and 3-day-old blow flies of both sexes were simultaneously offered human blood, semen and saliva, pet food, canned tuna and honey, and the number and length of visits documented over 6 h. One-day-old flies visited pet food and honey most often, but stayed longest on honey and semen. Three-day-old flies visited semen and pet food most often, and stayed longest on these food sources. Blood and saliva were the least preferred options for all flies. Overall, flies preferred dry blood and semen to the wet forms. These findings demonstrate that even when other food sources are available, flies at a crime scene may feed on human biological fluids if present, potentially transferring human DNA.

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“…While blowflies have been shown to have a high affinity to semen as a food source, a high mortality rate in adult Lucilia cuprina blowflies feeding on semen has been reported, and flies have been observed to appear to suffer paralysis in some legs after consuming semen (Durdle et al, ). It is possible the detrimental impact of semen on flies may be due to the high DNA content of semen (Butler, ), as guanylic acid, a component of DNA, is known to be toxic to many organisms, including fly maggots (Burnet & Sang, ) and chick embryos (Karnofsky & Lacon, ). This means that deceased flies in the vicinity of a deceased victim of suspected sexual assault may contain the DNA of the assailant.…”

Section: Implications For Forensic Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

Insects as vectors of DNA in a forensic context

Durdle

2019

WIREs Forensic Science

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Insects have historically been used in criminal investigations to provide information in relation to postmortem intervals (PMIs) but the field of forensic entomology is expanding. It is now recognized that insects can act as vectors of human and mammalian DNA through the consumption of biological material, with extraneous DNA able to be extracted and genotyped from all stages of the life cycle, and insect feces and regurgitant (artifacts). To date, DNA recovered from insects have been used to inform investigations into neglect and homicide, link body parts, and to identify victims of crime. It may also potentially be used to identify assailants, confirm the food source of insects to determine their relevance in PMI calculations, determine if a crime has occurred, identify scenes of crimes, and link people to locations and other individuals. However, insects which have consumed biological material may also transfer DNA by traveling to new areas, or depositing it via their artifacts, either within crime scenes or laboratories, or at locations distant to the food source. This could contaminate forensic evidence, confound investigations, and/or falsely incriminate or exclude an individual. Therefore, it is important that there is increased awareness into both the utility of insects as vectors of forensically relevant DNA, and the potential for contamination. This article is categorized under: Forensic Biology > Forensic DNA Technologies Forensic Science in Action/Crime Scene Investigation > Crime Scene Examination Forensic Biology > Interpretation of Biological Evidence Forensic Biology > Body Fluid Identification

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Effects of physiological purines on the development of the chick embryo

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

2’-Deoxyadenosine causes cell death in embryonic chicken sympathetic ganglia and brain

2’-Deoxyadenosine causes cell death in embryonic chicken sympathetic ganglia and brain

The Food Preferences of the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina Offered Human Blood, Semen and Saliva, and Various Nonhuman Foods Sources

Insects as vectors of DNA in a forensic context

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