Effects of Plant Species on CH<sub>4</sub>and N<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes from a Volcanic Grassland Soil in Nasu, Japan

Mori, Akinori; Hojito, Masayuki; Kondo, Hiroshi; Matsunami, Hisaya; Scholefield, D.

doi:10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00002.x

Cited by 41 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…3 and 4) suggest that soybean nodules formed with B. japonicum carrying nos genes scavenge N 2 O in soil, thus lessening N 2 O emission to the atmosphere from soybean fields. However, several groups have reported that cultivation of legume crops often enhances N 2 O emission from fields of alfalfa (11), soybean (51), white clover (36), and Bengal gram (16). Thus, we want to discuss the N 2 O paradox of legume root nodules for those results and ours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N ₂ O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

Sameshima-Saito

Chiba

Hirayama

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a key atmospheric greenhouse gas that contributes to global climate change through radiative warming and depletion of stratospheric ozone (1, 24). Agricultural land is a major source through denitrification and nitrification (14, 35) and contributes significantly to the net increase in atmospheric N 2 O (1, 34). Several attempts have been made to reduce the emission of N 2 O from agricultural systems (34,35).The complete denitrification of nitrate by bacteria to dinitrogen (N 2 ) is generally an anaerobic respiratory process, where the last step is mediated by N 2 O reductase (54). The corresponding structural gene is nosZ and is assembled in the nosRZDFYL gene operon (54). Several species capable of denitrification are also nitrogen-fixing bacteria, including rhizobia such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum (4,6,44,49) and Sinorhizobium meliloti (7,20). Indeed, genes responsible for denitrification have been found in rhizobial genomes (15,23).Earlier studies (19,37) reported the evolution of 15 N-N 2 from 15 N-N 2 O from sliced or detached soybean nodules. Recently, Velasco et al. (50) reported that nosZ and nosR insertion mutants of B. japonicum USDA110 accumulate N 2 O when cultured microaerobically in the presence of nitrate. The nosZ gene was also expressed in soybean nodules (29). However, it has not yet been fully proved that N 2 evolution from N 2 O by soybean nodules is mediated by N 2 O reductase encoded by the nosZ gene in B. japonicum (4,9,38). The aims of this work were to confirm whether the nos gene cluster of B. japonicum is responsible for respiratory N 2 O reduction to N 2 in nodules and to evaluate the capability of the nodulated roots to transform N 2 O into N 2 . MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains, plasmids, and media. The bacterial strains and plasmids used are listed in Table 1. Bradyrhizobium cells were grown at 30°C in HM salt medium (8) supplemented with 0.1% arabinose and 0.025% (wt/vol) yeast extract (Difco, Detroit, MI), which is termed HM medium here. HM medium was further supplemented with 0.55 M Na 2 MoO 4 · 2H 2 O, 1 M FeCl 3 , and 1 M CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O (HMM medium) for the denitrification assay (44). Escherichia coli cells were grown at 37°C in Luria-Bertani medium (42). Antibiotics were added to the media at the following concentrations: for B. japonicum, 100 g of tetracycline (Tc)/ml, 100 g of spectinomycin (Sp)/ml, 100 g of streptomycin (Sm)/ml, 100 g of kanamycin (Km)/ml, and 50 g of polymyxin B/ml; for E. coli, 15 g of Tc/ml, 50 g of Sp/ml, 50 g of Sm/ml, 50 g of Km/ml, and 100 g of ampicillin/ml. DNA manipulations. Isolation of plasmids, DNA ligation, and transformation of E. coli were performed as described by Sambrook et al. (42). DNA preparation and Southern hybridization were carried out as described previously (22,30,43).Construction of a B. japonicum USDA110 nosZ mutant. A 4-kb BamHI DNA fragment identified from the genome sequence of B. japonicum USDA110 (23) was excised from BamHI-digested total DNA and inserted into the BamHI site of pTZ18R (Fi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N ₂ O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

Sameshima-Saito

Chiba

Hirayama

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Generally, uptake of CH 4 occurs in unfertilized grasslands. Mori et al (2005) reported CH 4 uptake (À1.8 kg C ha À1 yr…”

Section: Discussion Ch 4 Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous study reported that ammonium-based fertilizer inhibited CH 4 oxidation, whereas the application of farmyard manure that contained more N than the fertilizer had no inhibitory effects (Powlson et al 1997). However, CH 4 flux is controlled by soil moisture, soil temperature, soil pH and plant species, as well as by application of fertilizer (Mosier et al 1991;Mosier et al 1996;Powlson et al 1997;Kammann et al 2001;Le Mer and Roger 2001;Mori et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of fertilizer and manure application on CH₄and N₂O emissions from managed grasslands in Japan

Shimizu

Hatano

Arita

et al. 2013

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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The objectives of this study were to clarify the effect of chemical fertilizer and manure application on methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions from intensively managed grassland on Andosols in Japan and to determine the controlling factors of the CH 4 and N 2 O emissions. The emission factors (EF) for both fertilizerand manure-induced N 2 O emissions were calculated. Three experimental plots were set up in five grasslands across four climatic regions in Japan: one plot for treatment with chemical fertilizer (fertilizer plot); another plot for treatment with cattle manure and chemical fertilizer (manure plot), and the final plot was not treated with chemical fertilizer or manure (control plot). The type of chemical fertilizer was ammonium-based fertilizer or a combination fertilizer of ammonium and urea. CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were measured at the study sites for six years. For the manure plot, a supplement of chemical fertilizer was added to equalize the supply rate of mineral nitrogen (N) relative to that of the fertilizer plots. There were no significant differences in CH 4 emissions among the treatment plots, and the effect of fertilizer or manure application was not evident. CH 4 emissions tended to be larger at sites with higher soil moisture content. The application of chemical fertilizer or manure increased N 2 O emissions at all the sites, and there were significant differences among the sites and across different years. Background N 2 O emissions (N 2 O emissions at the control plot) had strong positive correlations with air temperature and precipitation, along with weak positive correlations with soil carbon and N content. Therefore, an empirical model (Background N 2 O emission ¼ 0.298 Â air temperature þ 0.512 Â soil N content À3.77) was established. Fertilizer-induced N 2 O emission factor (EF) had a positive correlation (R 2 ¼ 0.50, p < 0.01) with precipitation (Fertilizer-induced EF ¼ 0.0022 Â precipitation À1.3), and increasing precipitation enhanced N 2 O production through the denitrification process due to applied fertilizer N. There were no significant differences in manure-induced EFs among the sites, and the average was 0.36% except for an outlier.

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“…Agricultural land is one of the major sources of N 2 O (8,12,23). In particular, more N 2 O is emitted from agricultural fields with legume crops than from fields with nonlegume crops (5,11). Kim et al (10) found that N 2 O emission from fields with nodulating soybean was several times higher than that from fields with nonnodulating soybean at a flowering stage of soybean growth in the field, suggesting that nodulation enhanced N 2 O emission.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrate-Dependent N ₂ O Emission from Intact Soybean Nodules via Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum Bacteroids

Hirayama

Eda

Mitsui

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In the presence of nitrate, N 2 O emission increased markedly from soybean roots inoculated with nosZ mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, but not from soybean roots inoculated with a napA nosZ double mutant, indicating that B. japonicum bacteroids in soybean nodules are able to convert the exogenously supplied nitrate into N 2 O via a denitrification pathway.Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a key atmospheric greenhouse effect gas that not only affects global warming but also leads to destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer (15). Agricultural land is one of the major sources of N 2 O (8, 12, 23). In particular, more N 2 O is emitted from agricultural fields with legume crops than from fields with nonlegume crops (5, 11). Kim et al. (10) found that N 2 O emission from fields with nodulating soybean was several times higher than that from fields with nonnodulating soybean at a flowering stage of soybean growth in the field, suggesting that nodulation enhanced N 2 O emission. On the other hand, Sameshima-Saito et al. (17) reported that soybean nodules can take up a low concentration of N 2 O from outside the nodules, equivalent to the natural concentration of N 2 O in the air (approximately 0.31 ppm) and that this uptake depends on the nosZ gene, which encodes N 2 O reductase in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Therefore, the N 2 O metabolism of nodulated soybean roots is complex, and the mechanism underlying N 2 O emission from soybean fields has not yet been identified.Under field conditions, N fertilization generally increases the nitrate concentration in the soil solution (7). Thus, we hypothesized that the increased nitrate supply may lead to an increase in N 2 O emission from intact soybean root systems via a denitrification pathway in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a napA nosZ double mutant of B. japonicum USDA110; the wild-type (WT) versions of these genes encode dissimilatory nitrate reductase (3) and N 2 O reductase (17), respectively.The bacterial strains and plasmids we used are listed in Table 1. Bradyrhizobium cells were grown at 30°C in HM salt medium supplemented with 0.1% arabinose and 0.025% (wt/ vol) yeast extract (Difco, Detroit, MI) (18). HM medium was further supplemented with trace metals (HMM medium) for the denitrification assay (17). Escherichia coli cells were grown at 37°C in Luria-Bertani medium (16). Antibiotics were added to the media: tetracycline (Tc) at 100 g/ml, spectinomycin (Sp) at 100 g/ml, streptomycin (Sm) at 100 g/ml, kanamycin (Km) at 100 g/ml, and polymyxin B at 50 g/ml for B. japonicum and Tc at 15 g/ml, Sp at 50 g/ml, Sm at 50 g/ml, Km at 50 g/ml, and ampicillin (Ap) at 100 g/ml for E. coli.

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Effects of Plant Species on CH₄and N₂O Fluxes from a Volcanic Grassland Soil in Nasu, Japan

Cited by 41 publications

References 26 publications

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N ₂ O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N ₂ O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

The effect of fertilizer and manure application on CH₄and N₂O emissions from managed grasslands in Japan

Nitrate-Dependent N ₂ O Emission from Intact Soybean Nodules via Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum Bacteroids

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Effects of Plant Species on CH4and N2O Fluxes from a Volcanic Grassland Soil in Nasu, Japan

Cited by 41 publications

References 26 publications

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N 2 O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N 2 O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

The effect of fertilizer and manure application on CH4and N2O emissions from managed grasslands in Japan

Nitrate-Dependent N 2 O Emission from Intact Soybean Nodules via Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum Bacteroids

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Effects of Plant Species on CH₄and N₂O Fluxes from a Volcanic Grassland Soil in Nasu, Japan

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N ₂ O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum Reduces N ₂ O Surrounding the Soybean Root System via Nitrous Oxide Reductase

The effect of fertilizer and manure application on CH₄and N₂O emissions from managed grasslands in Japan

Nitrate-Dependent N ₂ O Emission from Intact Soybean Nodules via Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum Bacteroids