Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution

Sotomayor, Edgardo Molina; Castillo-Quezada, Humberto; Martínez‐Salazar, Cristian; González-Orb, Marcelo; Espinoza-Salinas, Alexis; González-Jurado, José Antonio

doi:10.3390/ijerph17176203

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…A growing number of studies have proved that exercise induces considerable physiological changes in the immune system (Hoffman-Goetz and Pedersen, 1994 ; Nieman, 1997 ; Gleeson and Pyne, 2000 ; Pedersen and Hoffman-Goetz, 2000 ). Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) (Normando et al, 2013 ; Bos et al, 2014 ; Lu et al, 2015a ; Trnjar et al, 2017 ), inflammation-relate proteins (CRP, FeNO, CC16, CD62P, CD63, and CD40) (Rundell et al, 2007 ; Cutrufello et al, 2011 ; Normando et al, 2013 ; Trnjar et al, 2017 ), and stress hormones (including epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, b-endorphins, insulin, and cortisol) (Volek et al, 1997 ; Molina-Sotomayor et al, 2020 ) are most common indexes to estimate the variety of immune function influenced by exercise. As for the duration of the study, in view of the potential ethical approval difficulties of long-term air pollution exposure, most of the existing studies focus on the impacts of exercise and physical activities in short-term exposure to the body.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise in the Context of Air Pollution: An Emerging Research Topic

et al. 2022

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Physical exercise (PE) brings physiological benefits to human health; paradoxically, exposure to air pollution (AP) is harmful. Hence, the combined effects of AP and PE are interesting issues worth exploring. The objective of this study is to review literature involved in AP-PE fields to perform a knowledge-map analysis and explore the collaborations, current hotspots, physiological applications, and future perspectives. Herein, cluster, co-citation, and co-occurrence analysis were applied using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. The results demonstrated that AP-PE domains have been springing up and in rapid growth since the 21st century. Subsequently, active countries and institutions were identified, and the productive institutions were mainly located in USA, China, UK, Spain, and Canada. Developed countries seemed to be the major promoters. Additionally, subject analysis found that environmental science, public health, and sports medicine were the core subjects, and multidimensional communications were forming. Thereafter, a holistic presentation of reference co-citation clusters was conducted to discover the research topics and trace the development focuses. Youth, elite athletes, and rural population were regarded as the noteworthy subjects. Commuter exposure and moderate aerobic exercise represented the common research context and exercise strategy, respectively. Simultaneously, the research hotspots and application fields were elaborated by keyword co-occurrence distribution. It was noted that physiological adaptations including respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health were the major themes; oxidative stress and inflammatory response were the mostly referred mechanisms. Finally, several challenges were proposed, which are beneficial to promote the development of the research field. Molecular mechanisms and specific pathways are still unknown and the equilibrium points and dose-effect relationships remain to be further explored. We are highly confident that this study provides a unique perspective to systematically and comprehensively review the pieces of AP-PE research and its related physiological mechanisms for future investigations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise in the Context of Air Pollution: An Emerging Research Topic

et al. 2022

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“…For example, a transient increase in serum BDNF following resistance exercise in older adults could have implications for improved cognitive function in older adults. In this sense, resistance training has been correlated with increased serum levels of insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF-1) [4,58], which is an essential factor in brain neurogenesis and cognitive function [59]. Similarly, myokines are produced following skeletal muscle contractions and exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects which are sensed by the brain and may lead to changes in plasticity [60,61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, oxidative stress increases age-related brain deterioration [2], with a decrease of executive functions [3]. However, it has been demonstrated that a progressive, low-to-moderateintensity, individualized, and controlled resistance training programme produces significant improvements in maximum muscle strength and cognition in older women [4]. In this sense, it has been reported that the decrease of muscle strength, regardless of muscle mass, could be considered as the core of fragility, as it can predict changes in gait speed Sustainability 2021, 13, 7687 2 of 15 and mobility and involves greater risk of mortality in older people [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Resistance Training Program on Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength and the Relationship with Cognition in Older Women

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to study the effects of a resistance training programme on Maximal Dynamic Strength (MDS) and muscle morphology of the upper limbs (UL) and lower limbs (LL), as well as to analyse their association with cognition, in a population of older women. The study had a duration of 24 months and a total of 93 Chilean older women participated. The participants were divided into two groups: the Physical Activity Group (PAG, n = 45, age (X ± SD) 77.93 ± 3.54 years), and the Sedentary Group (SG, n = 48, age (X ± SD) 77.71 ± 3.41 years). The PAG carried out a muscle strength training routine twice per week. The following variables were evaluated: muscle function through maximal dynamic strength (1RM), muscle morphology through arm and calf circumference (AC and CC, respectively), and cognition (Mini Mental State Examination: MMSE). The results show that the SG recorded significant decreases (percent changes; p < 0.05) in the analysed variables: MMSE (−3.5%), MDS in UL (−3.3%), MDS in LL (−4.1%), AC (−4.5%), CC (−4.1%), and BMI (−3.1%). However, the PAG improved significantly in all the analysed variables except in BMI: MMSE (3.9%), MDS in UL (3.6%), MDS in LL (3.5%), AC (1.8%), and CC (2.5%). Moreover, there was a significant association (p < 0.05) between the changes in the muscle strength variables and the changes in cognition level. Therefore, it can be concluded that a two-year muscle strength training programme (load intensity between 30–55% 1RM) in older women improves Maximal Dynamic Strength in UL and LL, as well as muscle mass in arms and calves. Furthermore, it can be asserted that the changes in muscle strength levels could predict the changes in the levels of cognition in older women.

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“…This can be avoided or mitigated by endogenous biological mechanisms such as the generation of IGF-1, which is induced by resistance training. In addition, Franco Martin et al [ 40 ] suggest that “physical activity is being recognized as a highly protective factor, and it has been established today [ 41 ] as a promising psychosocial strategy for the protection of cognitive faculties”.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Two Physical Training Programs on the Cognitive Status of a Group of Older Adults in Chile

Quezada

Martínez‐Salazar

Fuentealba-Urra

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Introduction: The effect of two physical training methods on older adults should be investigated in greater depth and its results shared with the community. Objective: To determine the effects of two types of physical training on the functional features associated with the cognitive state and the effect on a physiological mediator of growth hormone (IGF-1) in older women. Material and Methods: Quasi-experimental study that included 12 weeks of training in two groups divided into resistance and aerobic training. The study included a population of 113 women aged 69.39 ± 6.48 years from Talcahuano, Chile. All participants were randomly assigned to either group. The MINIMENTAL test was used to examine the executive functions of cognitive state and blood concentration of IGF-1, which was also used to examine neurotrophic factors. For the assessment of physical condition, an indirect test was used for the maximum mass displaced in one repetition (1RM) by the limbs and the TM6 test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. Results: Significant differences between the groups with respect to the total score obtained in the MINIMENTAL test (EG1 = 28.13 ± 2.26; EG2 = 28.57 ± 1.83 and CG = 23.47 ± 2.80; ANOVA; p = 0.000) were observed. A post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences when examining executive functions individually between groups (Bonferroni; p > 0.05). An increase in the neurotrophic factor IGF-1 was also recorded in the training groups (EG1 p = 0.014 and EG2 p = 0.005). The pre- and post-test showed large differences in magnitude in the resistance training group (ES = 0.9; 20.41% change). Conclusion: Both workouts produce an overall improvement in the functions associated with cognitive status and increase blood concentrations of IGF-1 in older adults.

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Effects of Progressive Resistance Training on Cognition and IGF-1 Levels in Elder Women Who Live in Areas with High Air Pollution

Cited by 7 publications

References 73 publications

Physical Exercise in the Context of Air Pollution: An Emerging Research Topic

Physical Exercise in the Context of Air Pollution: An Emerging Research Topic

Effects of Resistance Training Program on Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength and the Relationship with Cognition in Older Women

Effects of Two Physical Training Programs on the Cognitive Status of a Group of Older Adults in Chile

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